* CHEMICAL TESTS - QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 1 Introduction at Doc Brown's Chemistry

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 Doc Brown's Chemistry  Qualitative Analysis Methods Revision Notes

Part 1 Qualitative tests to identify inorganic gases & ions (cations/anions) and organic molecule functional groups

 Part 1 Introduction - alphabetical list (this page)

 Part 2 Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional groups of homologous series

 Part 3 Metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions (acids)

 Part 4 Gases, water and non-metallic elements

 Part 5 Anions (negative ions) including hydroxide (alkalis)

GCSE/IGCSE Revision Qualitative Analysis Quiz on chemical test methods for identifying ions, gases and compounds

Quantitative analysis: acid-base, silver nitrate-chloride and EDTA titrations * Quantitative analysis: Redox titrations


 Part 1 Test Index and Introduction

Full list of KEYWORDS for inorganic/organic identification methods in alphabetical order e.g. test/reagent for: * acid ==> H+ * acid/acyl chloride RCOCl * alcohols - general ROH/prim RCH2OH/sec R2CHOH/tert R3COH) * aldehyde RCHO * prim aliphatic amine R-NH2 * aliphatic/aromatic carboxylic acids * alkali ==> OH- * alkane/alkene >C=C</alkyne -CC- (saturated versus unsaturated) * aluminium/aluminum ion Al3+ * amide RCONH2 * prim aliphatic amines R-NH2 * ammonia gas NH3 * ammonium ion NH4+ * prim aromatic amine C6H5-NH2 etc. * barium ion Ba2+ * Benedict's solution * Brady's reagent * bromide ion Br- * bromine Br2 * caesium ion Cs+ * calcium ion Ca2+ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * carbonate CO32-/hydrogencarbonate HCO3- with acid or effect of heating metal carbonate e.g. MCO3 * carbon dioxide gas CO2 * carboxylic acid RCOOH * carboxylic acid (aliphatic) salts e.g. RCOO-Na+ * chloride ion Cl- * chlorine gas Cl2 * Chomate(VI) ion CrO42- * copper(II) ion Cu2+ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * 24DNPH (for aldehydes/ketones test) * esters RCOOR * Fehlings test/solution * flame test for metal ions * fluoride ion F- * haloalkanes/halogenoalkanes R-X * hydrogen gas H2 * hydrogen sulphide H2S * hydrogen ion, acids H+ * hydrogen bromide gas/hydrobromic acid HBr * hydrogen chloride gas/hydrochloric acid HCl * hydrogen iodide gas/hydriodic acid HI * hydroxide ion, alkali OH- * hydroxy/alcohol/phenol (organic) * iodide ion I- * iodine I2 * iodoform test - formation of CHI3 * iron(II) ion Fe2+ * iron(III) ion Fe3+ * ketone R2C=O * lead(II) ion Pb2+ * lithium ion Li+ * lime water Ca(OH)2(aq) * magnesium ion Mg2+ * metal carbonates-heating e.g. MCO3 * metal ions via hydroxide precipitate * nitrate or nitrate(V) NO3- * nitrite or nitrate(III) NO2- * nitrogen dioxide or nitrogen(IV) oxide NO2 * oxygen gas O2 * phenols C6H5OH etc. * potassium ion K+ * rubidium ion Rb+ * reducing sugars * saturated/unsaturated * silver nitrate AgNO3 (see chloride, bromide, iodide tests) * sugars (reducing) * sodium ion Na+ * strontium Sr+ * 'sulphate/sulfate' or sulphate(VI) SO42- * sulphide S2- * 'sulphite/sulfite' or sulphate(IV) SO32- * sulphur dioxide gas SO2 * Tollen's Reagent * unsaturated/saturated * water H2O * zinc ion Zn2+ *


Use the alphabetical test list above for identifying anions, cations, gases, molecules etc. to find what you require! for your KS3-KS4 Science-GCSE-IGCSE- Chemistry and AS-A2-IB-US grades 9-12 K12 advanced subsidiary chemistry course etc. and help you to identify unknown inorganic and organic compounds-molecules for qualitative analysis. Its also a good idea to read the brief notes after the alphabetical list.

topEMAIL query?comment?test missing? * Gas PreparationsHazard warning signs/symbols-examples of labelling


  • PLEASE NOTE:

  • Most of the tests describe use simple apparatus like test tubes, teat pipette, wire for flame test (nichrome, platinum best but costly) and standard chemical reagents accessible in most school or college laboratories.

  • Where possible balanced symbol equations are given for the reactions occurring in doing the test.

  • Sometimes a precipitate (ppt) initially forms with a limited amount of a reagent, it may then dissolve in excess of reagent to give a clear solution. Both observations will be crucial for a positive id.

  • There are no tests specific to identify a compound e.g.

    • (i) there is no test for calcium chloride, but there are tests for the calcium ion and the chloride ion, i.e. using specific ion tests.

    • (ii) Similarly, in organic tests, all you can do is identify a functional group i.e. a particular bit of the molecular structure of a member of a homologous series, rather a particular unique molecule.

    • Not all the reactions are good definitive tests, but they may well be important reactions of cations or anions you need to know about.

  • The first tests in the 'inorganic' section are typical of GCSE Science level, but finally these overlap and extend into those needed for GCE Advanced AS or A2 level. In the organic section, only the alkene test is in GCSE double award science, but some others might be found in a full single or co-ordinated triple award GCSE syllabus. 

  • If any GCSE/IGCSE/GCE/AS/A2/IB/US grade 8-12 K12 test seems missing, just let me know by email.

  • These days more emphasis is given to modern spectroscopic methods of analysis such as NMR, Infrared, Mass spectrometry, Atomic Emission etc.  Quite correctly, though updating A level chemistry is intellectually challenging at times, it isn't always as much fun!

  • The methods described give no recipe details or risk assessment, just basically what is needed, what you see and what you can or cannot deduce. Consult teacher, 'practical' text books and Hazcards before attempting any analysis.

  • Most tests involve 'standard' chemical reactions and few tests are totally specific so observations should be viewed in context, i.e. is this a realistic deduction in that particular situation? 

  • Please remember each syllabus has its own 'list' of required tests - so do not 'over learn' - check out what is needed!

  • There is a web page covering the methods some safety aspects of "Preparing and collecting gases".

  • Use the alphabetical list to find the test you need.top

   

HAZARD WARNING SYMBOLS (signs or labels)

A brief description of what the hazard might be.

hazard signsbiohazardBiohazard: Biohazardous materials include anything that may cause disease in  living organisms or cause significant impact to the environment or community.


NEW SECTION currently working on the table of examples below. 

WARNING For all experiments, appropriate risk assessments should be done and hazcards studied etc. This section just illustrates the use of hazard warning signs with common examples, and may NOT provide sufficient detail for specific experiments, concentrations, coursework write up etc., but Google can!
Symbol Examples of what might be labelled/classified with this hazard warning sign (definitions above)
hazard Irritant: Most acidic and alkaline solutions unless very dilute; acidic gases like chlorine, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide; bleaches
hazard Harmful: Some acids e.g. nitric acid; acidic gases like chlorine, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide; bleaches; heavy metal ions e.g. of lead, barium; some salts e.g. silver nitrate,
hazard Corrosive: All concentrated acidic and alkaline solutions;

hazard

Highly flammable: Most organic solvents, petrol and other hydrocarbon fuels, 
hazard Toxic: Chlorine, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide,
hazard Oxidising: Chlorine and oxygen gases, potassium manganate(VII), potassium chlorate (in some weed killers), 
hazard Radioactive: Radioisotopes, 
hazard Explosive: TNT, hydrogen, fireworks, 
hazard Biohazard: organisms and viruses infectious to humans, animals or plants (e.g. parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi); and biologically active agents (i.e. toxins, allergens, venoms)
  Carcinogenic: nitrates, organic aromatic compounds like phenols, top
(indonesia) Doc Brown Kimia Analisis Metode Kualitatif Catatan Revisi 1 Bagian tes kualitatif untuk mengidentifikasi gas anorganik & ion (kation / anion) dan molekul organik kelompok fungsional Bagian 1 Pendahuluan - daftar abjad Bagian 2 tes kualitatif untuk mengidentifikasi molekul organik kelompok fungsional seri homolog Bagian 3 Logam kation (ion positif), karbonat logam, ion amonium, hidrogen ion (asam) Bagian 4 Gas, air dan unsur-unsur non-logam Bagian 5 Anion (ion negatif) termasuk hidroksida (alkali) Analisis kuantitatif: asam-basa, perak nitrat-klorida dan titrasi EDTA * analisis kuantitatif: titrasi redoks * (french) Doc Brown chimie qualitative Notes de révision des méthodes d'analyse 1 tests qualitatifs partie à identifier les gaz inorganiques et des ions (cations / anions) et molécule organique des groupes fonctionnels Partie 1 Introduction - liste alphabétique Partie 2 tests qualitatifs afin d'identifier des molécules organiques groupes fonctionnels de la série homologue Partie 3 cations métalliques (ions positifs), les carbonates métalliques, ion ammonium, les ions hydrogène (acides) Partie 4 Gaz, eau et éléments non métalliques Partie 5 anions (ions négatifs), y compris l'hydroxyde (alcalis) Liste complète des MOTS-CLÉS pour inorganiques / organiques identification des méthodes dans l'ordre alphabétique par exemple test / réactif pour: * l'acide ==> H + * / acide acyle chlorure de RCOCl * alcools - ROH générale / prim RCH2OH / sec R2CHOH / tert R3COH) * RCHO aldéhyde * prim aliphatiques amine R-NH 2 * aliphatiques / acides carboxyliques aromatiques * alcalins ==> OH - * alcane / alcène> C = C </ alcyne C-(acides gras saturés et insaturés) amide RCONH2 * prim amines aliphatiques R- NH2 * ammoniac gaz NH3 * ion ammonium NH4 + * prim amine aromatique C6 H5-NH2 baryum Ba2+ * La solution de Benoît * Réactif de Brady * ion bromure Br- * brome Br2 * césium ions Cs+ ion calcium * Ca2+ par la flamme ou ppt hydroxyde. * carbonate CO32 - / hydrogénocarbonate HCO3- avec l'acide ou effet de la chaleur en métal, par exemple le carbonate de AGC3 * de gaz de dioxyde de carbone CO2 * RCOOH acide carboxylique * acide carboxylique (aliphatiques) par exemple les sels RCOO- Na+ * ion chlorure Cl- * chlore gazeux Cl2 * Chomate (VI) d'ions CrO42 - * cuivre (II) d'ions Cu2+ par la flamme ou d'hydroxyde de ppt. * 24DNPH (pour les aldéhydes / cétones test) * esters RCOOR * test Fehlings / solution * essai à la flamme pour les ions métalliques * ion fluorure F - * halogénoalcanes / halogénoalcanes RX * gaz hydrogène H2 * hydrogène sulfuré H2S * ions hydrogène, les acides H+ * de gaz bromure d'hydrogène / acide bromhydrique HBr * chlorure d'hydrogène gazeux et d'acide chlorhydrique HCl * gaz iodure d'hydrogène / acide iodhydrique HI * ion hydroxyde OH alcalin - * hydroxy / alcool / phénol (organiques) * ion iodure I - * iode I 2 * - Essai de formation de l'iodoforme CHI3 * de fer (II) d'ions Fe2+ * de fer (III) d'ions Fe3+ * cétone R2C=O * plomb (II) ions Pb2+ * au lithium-ion Li+ * eau de chaux Ca(OH)2 (aq) * de magnésium Mg ion 2+ * métal carbonates de chauffage par exemple, * ions métalliques par l'intermédiaire d'hydroxyde précipité * nitrate ou nitrate ( V) NO3- * nitrates et nitrites (III) NO2- * le dioxyde d'azote ou d'azote (IV) oxyde de NO2 * oxygène gazeux O2 * phénols C6H5OH etc * sucres réducteurs * saturé / non saturé * nitrate d'argent AgNO3 (voir le chlorure , le bromure , l'iodure de tests) * sucres (réduction) * ion sodium Na+ * strontium Sr+ * «sulfate / sulfate» ou de sulfate (VI) SO42 - * sulfure S2- * sulfite '/ sulfite »ou de sulfate (IV) SO32 - * dioxyde de soufre de gaz SO2 * Tollen Réactif * insaturés / saturés * de l'eau H2O * zinc ions Zn2+ * (spanish) Doc Brown Química Métodos cualitativos de análisis Notas de revisión 1 cualitativos para identificar las pruebas de la parte gases inorgánicos y los iones (cationes / aniones) y la molécula de grupos funcionales orgánicos Parte 1 Introducción - lista por orden alfabético (esta página) Parte 2 pruebas cualitativas para identificar moléculas orgánicas grupos funcionales de series homólogas Parte 3 Metal cationes (iones positivos), los carbonatos metálicos, ión amonio, los iones de hidrógeno (ácidos) Parte 4 gases, el agua y los elementos no metálicos Parte 5 aniones (iones negativos) de los cuales hidróxido (álcalis) * (vietnamese) Doc Brown Hóa học Phân tích định tính Các phương pháp sửa đổi cần chú ý Phần 1 bài kiểm tra định tính để xác định các khí vô cơ và các ion (cation / anion) và phân tử hữu cơ nhóm chức năng Phần 1 Giới thiệu - Danh sách thứ tự chữ cái (này) Phần 2 bài kiểm tra định tính để xác định các phân tử hữu cơ  nhóm chức năng của dãy đồng đẳng Phần 3 cation kim loại (ion dương), cacbonat kim loại, ion amoni, các ion hydro (axit) Phần 4 khí, nước và các yếu tố phi kim loại Phần 5 anion (ion âm) bao gồm hydroxit (chất kiềm) * (chinese) 督布朗的化学定性分析方法的修订说明 第1部分 的定性测试,以确定气体及无机离子(负离子阳离子/)和有机分子官能团 第一部分介绍-按字母顺序排列的列表 (此页 第2部分的定性测试,以确定有机分子官能团的同源序列 第3部分金属阳离子(正离子),金属碳酸盐,铵离子,氢离子(酸)第4部分气体,水和非金属元素 第5部分阴离子(负离子),包括氢氧化物(碱) * (portuguese) Doc Brown Química Métodos de Análise Qualitativa notas de revisão Uma peça de testes qualitativos para identificar gases e íons inorgânicos (cátions / ânions) e uma molécula orgânica grupos funcionais Parte 1 - Introdução lista em ordem alfabética (nesta página) Parte 2 testes qualitativos
para identificar moléculas orgânicas grupos funcionais de séries homólogas Parte 3 cátions metálicos (íons positivos), carbonatos de metal, o íon amônio, íons de hidrogênio (ácidos) Parte 4 Gases, água e elementos não-metálicos Parte 5 ânions (íons negativos), incluindo hidróxido (álcalis) *

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