Revision of qualitative chemical tests for elements and compounds, molecules or ions
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS and IDENTIFICATION TESTS (Revision notes re-edit) Doc Brown's Chemistry Qualitative Methods of Analysis Revision Notes PART 1 INTRODUCTION and chemical identification test index (repeated on each page) Introduction to qualitative analysis tests to identify inorganic gases & ions (cations/anions) and organic molecule functional groups email doc brown - comments - query? Chemical Calculations and Quantitative Analysis Index QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TEST INDEX Part 1 Introduction to chemical testing and analysing substances (this page) Part 2 Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional groups of homologous series Part 3 TESTS for Metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions (acids) Part 4 TESTS for Gases, water and non–metallic elements Part 5 TESTS for Anions (negative ions) including hydroxide (alkalis) APPENDIX 1. IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS from LINE SPECTRA (non-chemical test method) Shortened version of chemical tests for GCSE level students PART 1 INTRODUCTION to CHEMICAL TESTS and ANALYSING SUBSTANCES Of what use is chemical analysis and chemical testing?
(a) QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Associated qualitative analysis links See index at top of page Typical qualitative tests are described in Parts 2 to 5. Summary of some cation and anion tests for GCSE/IGCSE/O Level students (b) QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Other Associated Qualitative or Quantitative Analysis LINKS (GCSE/IGCSE Level) Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis Chromatography - Paper/Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatography GCSE level Revision QUIZ on chemical tests for identifying ions, gases and compounds Part 1 contd. Alphabetical TEST INDEX for cations, anions, organic functional groups etc. Full list of KEYWORDS for inorganic/organic identification methods in alphabetical order e.g. test/reagent for: * acid ==> H+ * acid/acyl chloride RCOCl * alcohols – general ROH/prim RCH2OH/sec R2CHOH/tert R3COH) * aldehyde RCHO * prim aliphatic amine R–NH2 * aliphatic/aromatic carboxylic acids * alkali ==> OH– * alkane/alkene >C=C</alkyne –CC– (saturated versus unsaturated) * aluminium/aluminum ion Al3+ * amide RCONH2 * prim aliphatic amines R–NH2 * ammonia gas NH3 * ammonium ion NH4+ * prim aromatic amine C6H5–NH2 etc. * barium ion Ba2+ * Benedict's solution * Brady's reagent * bromide ion Br– * bromine Br2 * caesium ion Cs+ * calcium ion Ca2+ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * carbonate CO32–/hydrogencarbonate HCO3– with acid or effect of heating metal carbonate e.g. MCO3 * carbon dioxide gas CO2 * carboxylic acid RCOOH * carboxylic acid (aliphatic) salts e.g. RCOO–Na+ * chloride ion Cl– * chlorine gas Cl2 * Chromate(VI) ion CrO42– * copper(II) ion Cu2+ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * 24DNPH (for aldehydes/ketones test) * esters RCOOR * Fehlings test/solution * flame test for metal ions * fluoride ion F– * haloalkanes/halogenoalkanes R–X * hydrogen gas H2 * hydrogen sulfide H2S * hydrogen ion, acids H+ * hydrogen bromide gas/hydrobromic acid HBr * hydrogen chloride gas/hydrochloric acid HCl * hydrogen iodide gas/hydriodic acid HI * hydroxide ion, alkali OH– * hydroxy/alcohol/phenol (organic) * iodide ion I– * iodine I2 * iodoform test – formation of CHI3 * iron(II) ion Fe2+ * iron(III) ion Fe3+ * ketone R2C=O * lead(II) ion Pb2+ * lithium ion Li+ * lime water Ca(OH)2(aq) * magnesium ion Mg2+ * metal carbonates–heating e.g. MCO3 * metal ions via hydroxide precipitate * nitrate or nitrate(V) NO3– * nitrite or nitrate(III) NO2– * nitrogen dioxide or nitrogen(IV) oxide NO2 * oxygen gas O2 * phenols C6H5OH etc. * potassium ion K+ * rubidium ion Rb+ * reducing sugars * saturated/unsaturated * silver nitrate AgNO3 (see chloride, bromide, iodide tests) * sugars (reducing) * sodium ion Na+ * strontium Sr+ * 'sulfate/sulfate' or sulfate(VI) SO42– * sulfide S2– * 'sulfite/sulfite' or sulfate(IV) SO32– * sulfur dioxide gas SO2 * Tollen's Reagent * unsaturated/saturated * water H2O * zinc ion Zn2+ * Use the list above for identifying anions, cations, gases, molecules etc. to find what you require! for your KS3–KS4 Science–GCSE–IGCSE– Chemistry and GCE–AS–A2–IB–US grades 9–12 K12 advanced subsidiary chemistry course etc. and help you to identify unknown inorganic and organic compounds–molecules for qualitative analysis. Its also a good idea to read the brief notes after the alphabetical list. EMAIL query? comment? test missing? Hazard warning signs/symbols–examples of labelling
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HAZARD
WARNING SYMBOLS (signs or labels)
A brief description of what the hazard might be. |
Biohazard: Biohazardous materials include anything that may cause disease in living organisms or cause significant impact to the environment or community. NEW SECTION currently working on the table of examples below. |
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WARNING | For all experiments, appropriate risk assessments should be done and hazcards studied etc. This section just illustrates the use of hazard warning signs with common examples, and may NOT provide sufficient detail for specific experiments, concentrations, coursework write up etc., but Google can! | |
Symbol | Examples of what might be labelled/classified with this hazard warning sign (definitions above) | |
Irritant: Most acidic and alkaline solutions unless very dilute, VERY small quantities of acidic gases like chlorine, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, very dilute bleaches. These may not be that corrosive BUT they are irritating e.g. will cause irritation of the skin and reddening and blistering. | ||
Harmful - poisonous but not toxic: Some acids e.g. nitric acid; acidic gases like chlorine, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide; bleaches; heavy metal ions e.g. of lead, barium and copper (e.g. as copper sulfate) some salts e.g. silver nitrate, | ||
Corrosive: Any substance like concentrated acidic or alkaline solutions which will attack many materials and destroy living tissue too! Also includes substances like bromine. | ||
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Highly flammable: Most organic solvents like hexane, propanone (acetone), petrol and other hydrocarbon fuels are easily ignited, easily catch fire. | |
Toxic: Chlorine, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide can cause death if breathed in with sufficient quantity, absorbed through the skin or ingested by swallowing. Salts of hydrogen cyanide e.g. potassium cyanide are highly toxic – you only have a short time to take an antidote mixture! | ||
Oxidising: Chemicals that can act as oxidising agents e.g. chlorine gas/solution and oxygen gas/liquid, potassium manganate(VII), potassium chlorate (in some weed killers). Many oxidising agents donate oxygen to materials that burn and can be dangerously reactive. Many can cause combustion if mixed with an oxidisable combustible material. They may cause materials to burn more fiercely. | ||
Radioactive: Radioisotopes giving off dangerous ionising radiation | ||
Explosive: TNT, hydrogen, fireworks, peroxides | ||
Biohazard: organisms and viruses infectious to humans, animals or plants (e.g. parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi); and biologically active agents (i.e. toxins, allergens, venoms) | ||
Harmful to the environment. e.g. chemicals toxic to aquatic wildlife an in general harmful to organisms and the environment e.g. toxic metals like mercury, old pesticides like DDT. |
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Carcinogenic: nitrates, organic aromatic compounds like phenols, | ||
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