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Brown's Chemistry
- Alphabetical Index
A
A
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E F
G H I J K L M
N O P
Q R
S T
U V W
X Y Z
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ADVANCED (basic) means useful
starter ideas from GCSE for 1st year of advanced level GCE AS ~USA grades 11
CHEMISTRY
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ADVANCED
= Advanced CHEMISTRY = UK KS5 GCE AS A2 VCE Y12-Y13 BTEC National Diploma level 3 = ~USA grades 11-12 (grade K12)
CHEMISTRY.
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A alphabetical index page
A...
'abbreviated'
structural formula :
ADVANCED explained using alkane
examples : ADVANCED explained-examples-links homologous series :
absorbed/absorption/desorption
: : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst
:
absorption of
alpha/beta/gamma radiation : GCSE-AS
detailed Radioactivity notes :
abstraction
: ADVANCED explained in
organic chemistry :
abundance of ...
: ADVANCED isotopes by mass
spectroscopy
acetate rayon
:
acetic acid (ethanoic
acid, vinegar) : GCSE
extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED
structure-names of carboxylic acids :
adhesives :
Formulation
chemistry -adhesives :
acid/acyl amides see
amides
acid/acyl
anhydrides (organic molecules)
: ADVANCED structure and naming :
ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure :
ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz :
ADVANCED type in name Quiz :
acid/acyl
chlorides (organic molecules)
: ADVANCED structure and naming :
ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure :
ADVANCED nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism with
water/alcohols/ammonia/amines
: ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz :
ADVANCED type in name Quiz :
acid-base-alkali
ionization theory :
GCSE-ADVANCED (basic)
: ADVANCED detailed advanced notes on
Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry theories of acids-bases, strong/weak
acids/bases pH scale calculations :
acid-base-alkali
titration calculations : GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic) molarity examples-Quiz : GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
volumetric/titration calculations : ADVANCED
acid-base titration Q's :
acid-base
indicators : ADVANCED theory, pKind and examples
explained (also use top sub-index) :
acidity of...
: KS3-GCSE
soil/atmosphere effects/treatment : KS3-GCSE
formation of acid rain : ADVANCED acidity of
hexa-aqua ions :
acids-bases-alkalis-salts-pH-neutralisation
: KS3 word-fill worksheets 7Ewf and 7Fwf
: KS3 easy quiz
: KS3-CGSE examples-general
chemistry : GCSE
reactions with metals-reactivity series : GCSE foundation m/c
Quiz : GCSE higher
m/c Quiz :
GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) acid-base theory : GCSE
word-fill worksheet :ADVANCED theory of
acids and bases, examples and pH/Ka calculations (use 5.
sub-index near top of page :
activated complex,
'transition state' :
ADVANCED explained in organic reaction mechanisms : ADVANCED
reaction profiles-kinetics :
activation energy
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) rates of reaction notes
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) energy changes notes
: ADVANCED theory :
ADVANCED calculation from data/Arrhenius equation :
active sites
: ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst :
ADVANCED enzyme structure-function :
activity series
of metals : KS3-GCSE detailed notes
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) metal extraction methods
:
acyl/acid anhydride
see acid anhydrides above
acyl/acid chloride -
see acid chlorides above
acylation
: ADVANCED explained in
organic chemistry : ADVANCED
aromatic compound formation mechanisms :
acylonium ion
: ADVANCED explained in
organic chemistry :
addition
polymerisation : GCSE-AS
as type of reaction : GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
Oil Products : GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic) bonding
note : ADVANCED (basic) note on
the reaction :
addition reaction
: GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
simple example explained :
ADVANCED explained in
organic chemistry :
adhesives :
adhesives
as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :
adsorption/adsorbed/adsorbing
: ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst
theory-uses :
advantages of .. :
air : KS3-GCSE
atmosphere composition : GCSE
raw material for blast furnace : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) raw
material for ammonia and nitric acid production : GCSE-AS
liquefaction-fractional distillation, separation of useful products
:
alanine-amino
acid :
ADVANCED laboratory
synthesis :
'alcohol' see
ethanol and below
alcohols (alkanols)
: GCSE
extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED
classification/structure/naming/including diols/triols/cyclo-/chloro-
: ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure :
ADVANCED conversion to halogenoalkane/water-elimination mechanisms :
ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz :
ADVANCED type in name Quiz :
ADVANCED intermolecular
forces and boiling points of primary alcohols compared to other organic
molecules : ADVANCED thermodynamics Part 1
thermochemistry - enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion :
ADVANCED test for
alcohols : ADVANCED solubility of alcohols (Equilibria section 8.7) :
aldehydes/ketones :
ADVANCED structure & naming/ROH==>RC=O==>RCOOH
ox. sequence :
ADVANCED summary of functional
group/homologous series structure :
ADVANCED nucleophilic addition of
CN and H mechanism : ADVANCED aromatic-structure-naming :
ADVANCED m/c Quiz on naming :
ADVANCED type in name Quiz : ADVANCED
redox theory of tests for aldehydes :
ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling points of aldehydes compared to other
organic molecules :
alicyclic organic
compounds : ADVANCED definition -
examples (comparison with aliphatic/aromatic compounds) :
aliphatic organic
compounds : ADVANCED definition and
examples (comparison with alicyclic/aromatic compounds) :
Alkali Metals,
of Group 1 Li Na K etc.: GCSE-data-properties-trends-chemical
reactions-uses : GCSE position in
Periodic Table : GCSE-as members of
the reactivity series of metals : GCSE
foundation Alkali Metals m/c Quiz : GCSE
higher Alkali Metals m/c Quiz : GCSE
word-fill worksheet : ADVAN-Alkali
Metals data
: ADVANCED s-block detailed notes :
AS
basic m/c Group 1-2 Quiz :
Flame Test
for alkali metals
Alkaline Earth
Metals, of Group 2 (Be) Mg to Ra etc. : GCSE
Mg/Ca position
in metal reactivity series : GCSE-position
in the Periodic Table : ADVAN-Alkaline
Earth Metals data
: ADVANCED s-block detailed notes :AS
basic m/c Group 1-2 Quiz :
Flame Test
for alkaline earth metals :
alkalis-acids-bases-salts-pH
: KS3 easy quiz : KS3 word-fill
worksheets 7Ewf and 7Fwf
: KS3-GCSE examples-general chemistry : GCSE
foundation m/c Quiz : GCSE
higher m/c Quiz :
GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) acid-base theory :
alkanes (organic
hydrocarbon molecules) : GCSE
Oil Products : GCSE
extra organic chemistry :
ADVANCED structure and naming :
ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure :
ADVANCED free radical chlorination/cracking reaction mechanisms :
ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz :
ADVANCED type in name Quiz : ADVANCED intermolecular
forces and boiling points of alkanes compared to other organic molecules
: ADVANCED thermodynamics Part 1
thermochemistry - enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion :
alkanoic acids:
See carboxylic acids
alkenes (organic
hydrocarbon molecules) : GCSE
Oil Products : GCSE
extra organic chemistry : test
for : ADVANCED structure and naming (including cyclo- and chloro-) :
ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure :
ADVANCED electrophilic addition of HBr/Br2/H2SO4/H2O
and free radical polymerisation reaction mechanisms :
ADVANCED Geometrical isomerism
: ADVANCED m/c Quiz on naming :
ADVANCED type in name Quiz : Test
for alkenes :
alkoxy group :
ADVANCED explained in organic
chemistry : ADVANCED structure/naming ethers :
alkyl group :
ADVANCED explained in organic
chemistry : ADVANCED structure/naming alkanes :
alkyl halides:
See Halogenoalkanes
alkylation :
ADVANCED aromatic compound
formation mechanisms :
alkynes : ADVANCED
structure and naming :
ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure :
allotropes :
GCSE-AS
definition-examples carbon, oxygen, sulphur : GCSE-AS
allotropes of carbon :
alloys : GCSE
alloys-uses of metals Fe/Ti/Al etc. : GCSE uses of Transition
Metal (and Al note) : GCSE
steel making : GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
metal structure, bonding and properties : Smart
materials - SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS :
alpha-helix :
ADVANCED in protein structure
:
alpha particle
radiation : GCSE-AS
mass/charge/properties/uses/dangers etc. in detailed Radioactivity notes
: GCSE-AS historic alpha particle scattering
by nucleus experiment :
alternative energy
resources: GCSE/AS basic -
renewable energy sources :
aluminium/aluminum,
Al
: GCSE metal
reactivity series-reactions- oxygen/water/acids/displacement :
GCSE-electrolysis
extraction and recycling aluminium
: GCSE
uses-anodising : GCSE
more on uses/comparison with Transition Metals : KS3-GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
Thermit reaction :
:
aluminium fluoride AlF3(s)
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic)
bonding-structure-properties :
aluminium oxide Al2O3(s)
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic)
bonding-structure-properties : GCSE-AS
Bauxite ore for Al extraction :
americium, Am :
amides
(organic nitrogen
compounds)
: ADVANCED structure and naming :
ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure :
ADVANCED formation from acid
chloride-mechanism : ADVANCED aromatic-structure-naming :
ADVANCED organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure :
ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz :
ADVANCED type in name Quiz : ADVANCED intermolecular
forces and boiling points of amides compared to other organic molecules
:
amino acids
: GCSE
extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED
R/S optical isomerism in amino acids : ADVANCED aliphatic naming and structure : ADVANCED
organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure :
ADVANCED residues in protein
structure :
amines :
ADVANCED organic nitrogen compounds structure-naming :
ADVANCED aromatic-structure-naming : ADVANCED aliphatic - formation from
halogenoalkanes-mechanism : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling points of primary aliphatic amines
compared to other organic molecules :
ammonia, NH3 :
GCSE reaction with acids :
GCSE-ADVANCED (basic)
Haber
Process manufacture, physical/chemical properties, uses, oxidation in
making nitric acid : GCSE
in Earth's early atmosphere : GCSE in nitrogen cycle : GCSE-AS
covalent molecule-bonding : :
ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram : ADVANCED
reaction with halogenoalkanes - amine formation mechanism :
ADVANCED reaction with acid
chlorides - amide formation mechanism :
ADVANCED oxidation to NO-redox theory : ADVANCED Haber Synthesis - equilibrium-Le
Chatelier-calculations-manufacture :
ADVANCED mathematical modelling of Haber Synthesis :
ammonium,
NH4, salts :
test for
the NH4+ ion : GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
fertiliser salts :
ammonium chloride, NH4Cl(s)
: GCSE reversible reaction - thermal
decomposition : GCSE
salt preparations : GCSE
ammonia-ammonium salts :
ampere
: GCSE-AS
unit of electric current - electrolysis calculations :
analgesics
: GCSE extra
organic chemistry :
analysis - quantitative :
Quantitative analysis:
acid-base, silver nitrate-chloride and EDTA titrations :
Quantitative analysis:
Redox volumetric titrations :
NMR/IR/% composition problems :
analysis - qualitative :
Qualitative Analysis
for: * acid ==> H+ *
acid/acyl
chloride RCOCl * alcohols - general ROH/prim
RCH2OH/sec R2CHOH/tert
R3COH) * aldehyde RCHO
* prim aliphatic amine R-NH2 *
aliphatic/aromatic carboxylic acids *
alkali
==> OH-
* alkane/alkene >C=C</alkyne -C C- (saturated versus unsaturated)
* aluminium/aluminum ion Al3+ *
amide RCONH2
* prim aliphatic amines R-NH2 *
ammonia gas NH3
*
ammonium ion NH4+ *
prim aromatic
amine C6H5-NH2 etc. *
barium ion Ba2+ *
Benedict's
solution *
Brady's reagent *
bromide ion Br- *
bromine
Br2
* caesium ion Cs+ * calcium ion Ca2+ by
flame
or hydroxide
ppt.
* carbonate CO32-/hydrogencarbonate
HCO3- with acid or
effect of heating metal carbonate e.g. MCO3 *
carbon dioxide gas CO2
* carboxylic
acid RCOOH * carboxylic acid (aliphatic) salts e.g. RCOO-Na+
* chloride ion Cl- *
chlorine
gas Cl2 *
Chomate(VI) ion CrO42-
* copper(II) ion Cu2+ by
flame or
hydroxide
ppt. * 24DNPH (for aldehydes/ketones
test)
* esters RCOOR
* Fehlings
test/solution *
flame test for metal ions
* fluoride ion F- *
haloalkanes/halogenoalkanes R-X
* hydrogen gas H2 *
hydrogen sulphide
H2S *
hydrogen ion,
acids H+
* hydrogen bromide gas/hydrobromic acid HBr *
hydrogen
chloride gas/hydrochloric acid HCl *
hydrogen
iodide gas/hydriodic acid HI *
hydroxide ion, alkali OH- *
hydroxy/alcohol/phenol
(organic) * iodide ion I- *
iodine I2
* iodoform test - formation of CHI3 *
iron(II) ion Fe2+
* iron(III) ion Fe3+ *
ketone R2C=O
* lead(II) ion Pb2+ *
lithium ion
Li+ *
lime water Ca(OH)2(aq) *
magnesium ion Mg2+ *
metal
carbonates-heating e.g. MCO3 *
metal ions via
hydroxide precipitate *
nitrate or nitrate(V) NO3- *
nitrite
or nitrate(III) NO2- *
nitrogen dioxide or
nitrogen(IV) oxide NO2 *
oxygen gas O2 *
phenols C6H5OH
etc.
* potassium ion K+ *
rubidium
ion Rb+
* reducing sugars *
saturated/unsaturated *
silver nitrate AgNO3 (see
chloride,
bromide,
iodide tests)
* sugars (reducing) *
sodium ion Na+
*
strontium Sr+ *
'sulphate/sulfate' or sulphate(VI)
SO42-
* sulphide S2- *
'sulphite/sulfite'
or sulphate(IV) SO32- *
sulphur dioxide gas
SO2 *
Tollen's Reagent *
unsaturated/saturated *
water H2O
* zinc ion Zn2+ *
angular (bent) shaped molecules/ions :
ADVANCED molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams :
anhydrous ...
('without
water') : GCSE
copper sulphate formation : GCSE
copper sulphate test for water : ADVAN anhydrous-hydrated-water of
crystallisation explained :
anions :
Ionic Bonding :
Qualitative tests for
anions : in
electrolysis :
anode - positive electrode
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic)
introduction to electrolysis and links to uses :
anodising
: GCSE
of
aluminium-uses : GCSE
as type of reaction :
antacid
: KS3-GCSE
explained-examples :
antimony, Sb :
GCSE-AS metalloid/semi-metal note
:
antiperspirants products :
antiperspirant products as an example of the science of formulation chemistry
:
apatite
(calcium hydroxy phosphate mineral) :
ADVANCED calcium in
teeth by volumetric titration :
applications of
...
: GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
electrolysis :
AQA exam board
: GCSE Science-Chemistry support-help links
:
aquatic ...
:
archaeological
dating
: GCSE-AS
using carbon-14 - radioactivity notes :
argon, Ar, in Group 0/8 The
Noble Gases : GCSE-properties-uses
: GCSE-AS dating rocks
K-40/Ar
ratio : ADVANCED data :
aromatic - organic compounds
: ADVANCED comparison with
aliphatic/alicyclic compounds - examples :
ADVANCED examples of structure and naming :
ADVANCED electrophilic substitution
mechanisms-orientation of products for
nitration/chlorination/alkylation/acylation/sulphonation :
ADVANCED type in name quiz :
Arrhenius
: GCSE-AS
Ionic
theory : ADVANCED Arrhenius
equation to calculate activation energy :
arrows -
electron shifts :
ADVANCED explained in organic reaction mechanisms :
arsenic, As :
GCSE-AS metalloid/semi-metal use
note :
artificial ...
: GCSE fertilisers :
aryl group :
ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : ADVANCED
aromatic compounds :
ascorbic acid,
vitamin C : GCSE
extra organic chemistry :
aspirin, 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid : GCSE
extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED volumetric titration
with NaOH :
astatine, At,
At2(s) in
Group 7 The Halogens : GCSE
data-properties-dangers
: ADVANCED data :
atactic
poly(propene)
: ADVANCED stereoregular-atactic/isotactic/syndiotactic
attacking
reagent/molecule/ion :
ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry :
atom : KS3-GCSE
introduction-definition-examples
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) detailed atomic structure
- history of atom concept - alpha-particle scattering experiment :
'atomic economy'
: GCSE(AS basic) calculations
for a chemical process and
further GCSE example :
atomic emission
spectroscopy - instrumental method of analysis : GCSE
a few comments and examples :
atomic mass,
relative Ar, based on 12C scale : GCSE-AS
definition-examples-calculations :
atomic/proton
number : GCSE-AS definition, atomic
structure : GCSE-AS structure of
elements in Periodic Table :
atomic radius :
ADVANCED explained :
GCSE Group 1 Alkali Metal
data : ADVANCED Groups1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth
Metal data : GCSE Group 0 Noble Gas data
: ADVANCED Group 0 Noble Gas data
: GCSE Group 7 Halogen data :
ADVANCED Group 7 Halogen data :
GCSE-ADVANCED
transition
Metal data (Sc-Zn, 3d block) : Periodicity
plots of atomic radius Z = 1 to 20 plots *
Z = 1 to 38 plots *
Z = 1 to 96 plots *
DATA
atomic structure : GCSE-ADVANCED
(basic)
detailed notes : GCSE m/c Quiz
: GCSE word-fill
worksheet : GCSE
crossword :
'atomic volume' :
Atomic Volume periodicity plot Z = 1 to 96
atmosphere of
Earth : GCSE development and
current composition :
Aufbau Principle :
ADVANCED electron configurations :
autocatalysis
: ADVANCED manganate(VII)-ethanedioate reaction/titration :
autosynthesis-combinational
chemistry :
ADVANCED organic
synthesis :
Avogadro constant/number
& calculations
: GCSE-ADVANCED (basic)
value-mole calculations with answers :
Avogadro's Law on
gas volumes & calculations : GCSE-AS
reacting volume ratio examples-Quiz :
azo
dyes/diazonium salts : ADVANCED examples of aromatic-structure-naming :
ADVANCED more examples of organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure :
A alphabetical index page
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G H I J K L M
N O P
Q R
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U V W
X Y Z * 1st time user notes
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