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Cat
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This article is about the cat species that is commonly kept as a pet. For the cat family, see Felidae. For other uses, see Cat (disambiguation) and Cats (disambiguation).
For technical reasons, "Cat #1" redirects here. For the album, see Cat 1 (album).
Domestic cat cat 1 cat
Cat poster 1.jpg
Various types of domestic cat
Conservation status
Domesticated
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Felis
Species: F. silvestris
Subspecies: F. s. catus
Trinomial name
Felis silvestris catus
(Linnaeus, 1758) cat 2 cat
Synonyms
Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758
Felis catus domestica Erxleben, 1777 cat 3 cat

The cat (Felis catus, or Felis silvestris catus, literally "woodland cat") cat 4 cat cat 1 cat cat 5 cat , often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish from other felids and felines, is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. It is often called house cat cat 6 cat when kept as indoor pet or feral/feral domestic cat when wild. cat 7 cat It is often valued by humans for companionship and for its ability to hunt vermin. There are more than seventy cat breeds recognized by various cat registries.

Cats are similar in anatomy to the other felids, with a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Cat senses fit a crepuscular and predatory ecological niche. Cats can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small animals. They can see in near darkness. Like most other mammals, cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell than humans. Cats, despite being solitary hunters, are a social species, and cat communication includes the use of a variety of vocalizations (mewing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling and grunting) as well as cat pheromones and types of cat-specific body language. cat 8 cat

Cats have a high breeding rate. cat 9 cat Under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by spaying and neutering, as well as the abandonment of former household pets, has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, requiring population control. cat 10 cat In certain areas outside cats' native range, this has contributed, along with habitat destruction and other factors, to the extinction of many bird species. Cats have been known to extirpate a bird species within specific regions and may have contributed to the extinction of isolated island populations. cat 11 cat Cats are thought to be primarily responsible for the extinction of 87 species of birds, cat 12 cat and the presence of feral and free-ranging cats makes some otherwise suitable locations unsuitable for attempted species reintroduction. cat 13 cat

Because cats were venerated in ancient Egypt, they were commonly believed to have been domesticated there, cat 14 cat but there may have been instances of domestication as early as the Neolithic from around 9,500 years ago (7500 BC). cat 15 cat Results of a genetic study in 2007 showed that all domestic cats descended from the Near Eastern wildcat and diverged around 8000 BC in the Middle East. cat 16 cat cat 14 cat cat 17 cat The leopard cat was domesticated independently in China around 5500 BC, though this line of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domesticated populations of today. cat 18 cat cat 19 cat A 2017 study confirmed that domestic cats are descendants of those first domesticated by farmers in the Near East around 9,000 years ago. cat 20 cat cat 21 cat

As of a 2007 study, cats are the second-most popular pet in the U.S. by number of pets owned, after freshwater fish. cat 22 cat In a 2010 study, they were ranked the third-most popular pet in the UK, after fish and dogs, with around 8 million being owned. cat 23 cat


Contents
1 Taxonomy and evolution
2 Nomenclature and etymology
3 Biology
3.1 Anatomy
3.2 Physiology
3.2.1 Nutrition
3.3 Senses
3.4 Health
3.4.1 Diseases
3.5 Genetics
4 Behavior
4.1 Sociability
4.2 Communication
4.3 Grooming
4.4 Fighting
4.5 Hunting and feeding
4.6 Running
4.7 Play
4.8 Reproduction
5 Ecology
5.1 Habitats
5.2 Feral cats
5.3 Impact on prey species
5.4 Impact on birds
6 Interaction with humans
6.1 Cat show
6.2 Cat café
6.3 Ailurophobia
6.4 Cat bites
6.5 Infections transmitted from cats to humans
6.6 History and mythology
6.6.1 Superstitions and cat burning
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Taxonomy and evolution
Main article: Cat evolution
The domestic cat is a member of the cat family, the felids, which are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10–15 million years ago cat 24 cat and include lions, tigers, cougars and many others. Within this family, domestic cats (Felis catus) are part of the genus Felis, which is a group of small cats containing about seven species (depending upon classification scheme). cat 1 cat cat 25 cat Members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat (Felis chaus) of southeast Asia, European wildcat (F. silvestris silvestris), African wildcat (F. s. lybica), the Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti), and the Arabian sand cat (F. margarita), among others. cat 26 cat

The domestic cat is believed to have evolved from the Near Eastern wildcat, whose range covers vast portions of the Middle East westward to the Atlantic coast of Africa. cat 27 cat cat 28 cat Between 70,000 and 100,000 years ago the animal gave rise to the genetic lineage that eventually produced all domesticated cats, cat 29 cat having diverged from the Near Eastern wildcat around 8,000 BC in the Middle East. cat 14 cat cat 17 cat

The domestic cat was first classified as Felis catus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1758. cat 1 cat cat 2 cat Because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, F. silvestris. cat 1 cat cat 30 cat cat 31 cat This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the domestic cat can be called by its subspecies name, Felis silvestris catus. cat 1 cat cat 30 cat cat 31 cat Wildcats have also been referred to as various subspecies of F. catus, cat 31 cat but in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the name for wildcats as F. silvestris. cat 32 cat The most common name in use for the domestic cat remains F. catus. Sometimes, the domestic cat has been called Felis domesticus cat 33 cat as proposed by German naturalist J. C. P. Erxleben in 1777, cat 34 cat but these are not valid taxonomic names and have been used only rarely in scientific literature. cat 35 cat A population of Transcaucasian black feral cats was once classified as Felis daemon (Satunin 1904) but now this population is considered to be a part of the domestic cat. cat 36 cat

All the cats in this genus share a common ancestor that is believed to have lived around 6–7 million years ago in the Near East (the Middle East). cat 37 cat The exact relationships within the Felidae are close but still uncertain, cat 38 cat cat 39 cat e.g. the Chinese mountain cat is sometimes classified (under the name Felis silvestris bieti) as a subspecies of the wildcat, like the North African variety F. s. lybica. cat 30 cat cat 38 cat


Ancient Egyptian sculpture of the cat goddess Bastet. The earliest evidence of felines as Egyptian deities comes from c. 3100 BC.
In comparison to dogs, cats have not undergone major changes during the domestication process, as the form and behavior of the domestic cat is not radically different from those of wildcats and domestic cats are perfectly capable of surviving in the wild. cat 40 cat cat 41 cat Fully domesticated house cats often interbreed with feral F. catus populations, cat 42 cat producing hybrids such as the Kellas cat. This limited evolution during domestication means that hybridisation can occur with many other felids, notably the Asian leopard cat. cat 43 cat Several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have predisposed them for domestication as pets. cat 41 cat These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play and relatively high intelligence. cat 44 cat :12–17 Several small felid species may have an inborn tendency towards tameness. cat 41 cat

Cats have either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with humans. Two main theories are given about how cats were domesticated. In one, people deliberately tamed cats in a process of artificial selection as they were useful predators of vermin. cat 45 cat This has been criticized as implausible, because the reward for such an effort may have been too little; cats generally do not carry out commands and although they do eat rodents, other species such as ferrets or terriers may be better at controlling these pests. cat 30 cat The alternative idea is that cats were simply tolerated by people and gradually diverged from their wild relatives through natural selection, as they adapted to hunting the vermin found around humans in towns and villages. cat 30 cat

Nomenclature and etymology
The origin of the English word cat (Old English catt) and its counterparts in other Germanic languages (such as German Katze), descended from Proto-Germanic *kattōn-, is controversial. It has traditionally thought to be a borrowing from Late Latin cattus, 'domestic cat', from catta (used around 75 AD by Martial), cat 46 cat cat 47 cat compare also Byzantine Greek κάττα, Portuguese and Spanish gato, French chat, Maltese qattus, Lithuanian katė, and Old Church Slavonic kotъ (kot'), among others. cat 48 cat The Late Latin word is generally thought to originate from an Afro-Asiatic language, but every proposed source word has presented problems. Many references refer to "Berber" (Kabyle) kaddîska, 'wildcat', and Nubian kadīs as possible sources or cognates, but M. Lionel Bender suggesets the Nubian term is a loan from Arabic قِطَّة qiṭṭa. cat 49 cat Jean-Paul Savignac suggests the Latin word is from an Ancient Egyptian precursor of Coptic ϣⲁⲩ šau, 'tomcat', or its feminine form suffixed with -t, cat 50 cat but John Huehnergard says "the source cat ... cat was clearly not Egyptian itself, where no analogous form is attested." cat 49 cat Huehnergard opines it is "equally likely that the forms might derive from an ancient Germanic word, imported into Latin and thence to Greek and to Syriac and Arabic". Guus Kroonen also considers the word to be native to Germanic (due to morphological alternations) and Northern Europe, and suggests that it might ultimately be borrowed from Uralic, cf. Northern Sami gáđfi, 'female stoat', and Hungarian hölgy, 'stoat'; from Proto-Uralic *käďwä, 'female (of a furred animal)'. cat 51 cat In any case, cat is a classic example of a Wanderwort.

An alternative word is English puss (extended as pussy and pussycat). Attested only from the 16th century, it may have been introduced from Dutch poes or from Low German puuskatte, related to Swedish kattepus, or Norwegian pus, pusekatt. Similar forms exist in Lithuanian puižė and Irish puisín or puiscín. The etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have simply arisen from a sound used to attract a cat. cat 52 cat cat 53 cat

A group of cats can be referred to as a clowder or a glaring; cat 54 cat a male cat is called a tom or tomcat cat 55 cat (or a gib, cat 56 cat if neutered); an unspayed female is called a queen, cat 57 cat especially in a cat-breeding context; and a juvenile cat is referred to as a kitten. The male progenitor of a cat, especially a pedigreed cat, is its sire, cat 58 cat and its mother is its dam. cat 59 cat In Early Modern English, the word kitten was interchangeable with the now obsolete word catling. cat 60 cat

A pedigreed cat is one whose ancestry is recorded by a cat fancier organization. A purebred (or pure-bred) cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. Many pedigreed and especially purebred cats are exhibited as show cats. Cats of unrecorded, mixed ancestry are referred to as domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cats (by coat type), or commonly as random-bred, moggies (chiefly British), or (using terms borrowed from dog breeding) mongrels or mutt-cats.

While the African wildcat is the ancestral subspecies from which domestic cats are descended, and wildcats and domestic cats can completely interbreed (being subspecies of the same species), several intermediate stages occur between domestic pet and pedigree cats on one hand and entirely wild animals on the other. The semi-feral cat, a mostly outdoor cat, is not owned by any one individual, but is generally friendly to people and may be fed by several households. Truly feral cats are associated with human habitation areas, foraging for food and sometimes intermittently fed by people, but are typically wary of human interaction. cat 42 cat

Biology
Anatomy
Main article: Cat anatomy

Diagram of the general anatomy of a male
Domestic cats are similar in size to the other members of the genus Felis, typically weighing between 4 and 5 kg (9 and 10 lb). cat 38 cat Some breeds, such as the Maine Coon, can occasionally exceed 11 kg (24 lb). Conversely, very small cats, less than 2 kg (4 lb), have been reported. cat 61 cat The world record for the largest cat is 21 kg (50 lb). cat 62 cat cat self-published source cat The smallest adult cat ever officially recorded weighed around 1 kg (2 lb). cat 62 cat Feral cats tend to be lighter, as they have more limited access to food than house cats. The Boston Cat Hospital weighed trapped feral cats, and found the average feral adult male to weigh 4 kg (9 lb), and average adult female 3 kg (7 lb). cat 63 cat Cats average about 23–25 cm (9–10 in) in height and 46 cm (18 in) in head/body length (males being larger than females), with tails averaging 30 cm (12 in) in length; cat 64 cat feral cats may be smaller on average.

Cats have seven cervical vertebrae, as do almost all mammals; 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae like most mammals (humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans have only vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx). cat 65 cat :11 The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis. cat 65 cat :16 Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head. cat 66 cat


Cat skull
The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful specialized jaw. cat 67 cat :35 Within the jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat. When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite with its two long canine teeth, inserting them between two of the prey's vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, causing irreversible paralysis and death. cat 68 cat Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth, which is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have small vertebrae. cat 68 cat The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors. These are vital in feeding, since cats' small molars cannot chew food effectively, and cats are largely incapable of mastication. cat 67 cat :37 Although cats tend to have better teeth than most humans, with decay generally less likely because of a thicker protective layer of enamel, a less damaging saliva, less retention of food particles between teeth, and a diet mostly devoid of sugar, they are nonetheless subject to occasional tooth loss and infection. cat 69 cat

Cats, like dogs, are digitigrades. They walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg. cat 70 cat Cats are capable of walking very precisely because, like all felines, they directly register; that is, they place each hind paw (almost) directly in the print of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for their hind paws when they navigate rough terrain. Unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a "pacing" gait; that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. This trait is shared with camels and giraffes. As a walk speeds up into a trot, a cat's gait changes to be a "diagonal" gait, similar to that of most other mammals (and many other land animals, such as lizards): the diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move simultaneously. cat 71 cat

Like almost all members of the Felidae, cats have protractable and retractable claws. cat 72 cat In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw's toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the fore feet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. cat 73 cat Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, kneading, or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Most cats have five claws on their front paws, and four on their rear paws. cat 74 cat The fifth front claw (the dewclaw) is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth "finger". This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the carpal pad, also found on the paws of big cats and dogs. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some breeds of cats are prone to polydactyly (extra toes and claws). cat 74 cat These are particularly common along the northeast coast of North America. cat 75 cat

Physiology
Cats are familiar and easily kept animals, and their physiology has been particularly well studied; it generally resembles those of other carnivorous mammals, but displays several unusual features probably attributable to cats' descent from desert-dwelling species. cat 33 cat For instance, cats are able to tolerate quite high temperatures: Humans generally start to feel uncomfortable when their skin temperature passes about 38 °C (100 °F), but cats show no discomfort until their skin reaches around 52 °C (126 °F), cat 67 cat :46 and can tolerate temperatures of up to 56 °C (133 °F) if they have access to water. cat 76 cat

Normal physiological values cat 77 cat :330
Body temperature 38.6 °C (101.5 °F)
Heart rate 120–140 beats per minute
Breathing rate 16–40 breaths per minute

Thermograph of various body parts of a cat
Cats conserve heat by reducing the flow of blood to their skin and lose heat by evaporation through their mouths. Cats have minimal ability to sweat, with glands located primarily in their paw pads, cat 78 cat and pant for heat relief only at very high temperatures cat 79 cat (but may also pant when stressed). A cat's body temperature does not vary throughout the day; this is part of cats' general lack of circadian rhythms and may reflect their tendency to be active both during the day and at night. cat 80 cat :1 Cats' feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations to allow cats to retain as much water as possible. cat 33 cat Their kidneys are so efficient, they can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water, cat 81 cat and can even rehydrate by drinking seawater. cat 82 cat cat 80 cat :29 While domestic cats are able to swim, they are generally reluctant to enter water as it quickly leads to exhaustion. cat 83 cat

Nutrition
Cats are obligate carnivores: their physiology has evolved to efficiently process meat, and they have difficulty digesting plant matter. cat 33 cat In contrast to omnivores such as rats, which only require about 4% protein in their diet, about 20% of a cat's diet must be protein. cat 33 cat A cat's gastrointestinal tract is adapted to meat eating, being much shorter than that of omnivores and having low levels of several of the digestive enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates. cat 84 cat These traits severely limit the cat's ability to digest and use plant-derived nutrients, as well as certain fatty acids. cat 84 cat Despite the cat's meat-oriented physiology, several vegetarian or vegan cat foods have been marketed that are supplemented with chemically synthesized taurine and other nutrients, in attempts to produce a complete diet. However, some of these products still fail to provide all the nutrients cats require, cat 85 cat and diets containing no animal products pose the risk of causing severe nutritional deficiencies. cat 86 cat

Cats do eat grass occasionally. A proposed explanation is that cats use grass as a source of folic acid. Another is that it is used to supply dietary fiber, helping the cat defecate more easily and expel parasites and other harmful material through feces and vomit. cat 87 cat

Cats are unusually dependent on a constant supply of the amino acid arginine, and a diet lacking arginine causes marked weight loss and can be rapidly fatal. cat 88 cat Arginine is an essential additive in cat food because cats have low levels of the enzymes aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate which are responsible for the synthesis of ornithine and citrulline in the small intestine. cat 89 cat Citrulline would typically go on to the kidneys to make arginine, but because cats have a deficiency in the enzymes that make it, citrulline is not produced in adequate quantities to make arginine. Arginine is essential in the urea cycle in order to convert the toxic component ammonia into urea that can then be excreted in the urine. Because of its essential role, deficiency in arginine results in a buildup of toxic ammonia and leads to hyperammonemia. cat 89 cat The symptoms of hyperammonemia include lethargy, vomiting, ataxia, hyperesthesia and can be serious enough to induce death and coma in a matter of days if a cat is being fed an arginine-free diet. The quick onset of these symptoms is due to the fact that diets devoid in arginine will typically still contain all of the other amino acids, which will continue to be catabolized by the body, producing mass amounts of ammonia that very quickly build up with no way of being excreted.

Another unusual feature is that the cat cannot produce taurine, cat note 1 cat with a deficiency in this nutrient causing macular degeneration, wherein the cat's retina slowly breaks down, causing irreversible blindness. cat 33 cat This is due to the hepatic activity of cystinesulfinic acid decarboxylase being low in cats. cat 91 cat This limits the ability of cats to biosynthesize the taurine they need from its precursor, the amino acid cysteine, which ultimately results in inadequate taurine production needed for normal function. cat 91 cat Deficiencies in taurine result in compensated function of feline cardiovascular and reproductive systems. cat 91 cat These abnormalities can also be accompanied by developmental issues in the central nervous system along with degeneration of the retina. cat 91 cat

Niacin is an essential vitamin for the cat; dietary deficiency can lead to anorexia, weight loss and an increase in body temperature. cat 92 cat Biosynthesis of niacin occurs by metabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway to quinolinic acid, the niacin precursor. However, cats have a high activity of picolinic acid carboxylase, which converts one of the intermediates to picolinic acid instead of quinolinic acid. cat 93 cat As as result niacin can become deficient and require supplementation. cat 94 cat

Preformed vitamin A is required in the cat for retinal and reproductive health. Vitamin A is considered to be a fat-soluble vitamin and is seen as essential in a cat's diet. Normally, the conversion of beta-carotenes into vitamin A occurs in the intestine (more specifically the mucosal layer) of species, however cats lack the ability to undergo this process. cat 94 cat Both the kidney and liver are contributors to the use of vitamin A in the body of the majority of species while the cats liver does not produce the enzyme Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase which converts the beta-carotene into retinol (vitamin A). cat 95 cat To summarize: cats do not have high levels of this enzyme leading to the cleavage and oxidation of carotenoids not taking place. cat 93 cat

Vitamin D3 is a dietary requirement for cats as they lack the ability to synthesize vitamin D3 from sunlight. cat 96 cat Cats obtain high levels of the enzyme 7-dehydrocholestrol delta 7 reductase which causes immediate conversion of vitamin D3 from sunlight to 7-dehydrocholesterol. cat 97 cat This fat soluble vitamin is required in cats for bone formation through the promotion of calcium retention, along with nerve and muscle control through absorption of calcium and phosphorus. cat 97 cat

Cats, like all mammals, need to get linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid, from their diet. Most mammals can convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid, as well as the omega 3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) through the activity of enzymes, but this process is very limited in cats. cat 94 cat The Δ6-desaturase enzyme eventually converts linoleic acid, which is in its salt form linoleate, to arachidonate (salt form of arachidonic acid) in the liver, but this enzyme has very little activity in cats. cat 94 cat This means that arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid for cats as they lack the ability to create required amounts of linoleic acid. Deficiency of arachidonic acid in cats is related to problems in growth, can cause injury and inflammation to skin (e.g. around the mouth) decreased platelet aggregation, fatty liver, increase in birth defects of kittens whose queens were deficient during pregnancy, and reproductive failure in queens. cat 94 cat Arachidonic acid can also be metabolized to eicosanoids that create inflammatory responses which are needed to stimulate proper growth and repair mechanisms in the cat. cat 98 cat

Cat food § Nutrient chart provides a list of the many nutrients cats require as well as the use of the nutrients in the body and the effects of the deficiency.

Senses
Main article: Cat senses

Reflection of camera flash from the tapetum lucidum
Cats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth the light level required for human vision. cat 67 cat :43 This is partly the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which reflects any light that passes through the retina back into the eye, thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to dim light. cat 99 cat Another adaptation to dim light is the large pupils of cats' eyes. Unlike some big cats, such as tigers, domestic cats have slit pupils. cat 100 cat These slit pupils can focus bright light without chromatic aberration, and are needed since the domestic cat's pupils are much larger, relative to their eyes, than the pupils of the big cats. cat 100 cat At low light levels, a cat's pupils will expand to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes. cat 101 cat However, domestic cats have rather poor color vision and (like most nonprimate mammals) have only two types of cones, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; they have limited ability to distinguish between red and green. cat 102 cat A 1993 paper reported a response to middle wavelengths from a system other than the rods which might be due to a third type of cone. However, this appears to be an adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true trichromatic vision. cat 103 cat

Cats have excellent hearing and can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies. They can hear higher-pitched sounds than either dogs or humans, detecting frequencies from 55 Hz to 79,000 Hz, a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs both have ranges of about 9 octaves. cat 104 cat cat 105 cat Cats can hear ultrasound, which is important in hunting cat 106 cat because many species of rodents make ultrasonic calls. cat 107 cat However, they do not communicate using ultrasound like rodents do. Cats' hearing is also sensitive and among the best of any mammal, cat 104 cat being most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. cat 108 cat This sensitivity is further enhanced by the cat's large movable outer ears (their pinnae), which both amplify sounds and help detect the direction of a noise. cat 106 cat

Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and a large surface of olfactory mucosa, about 5.8 cm2 (0.90 in2) in area, which is about twice that of humans. cat 109 cat Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol, cat 110 cat which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands. cat 111 cat Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially catnip, as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion. cat 112 cat About 70–80% of cats are affected by nepetalactone. cat 113 cat This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine (Actinidia polygama) and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors. cat 114 cat

Cats have relatively few taste buds compared to humans (470 or so versus more than 9,000 on the human tongue). cat 115 cat Domestic and wild cats share a gene mutation that keeps their sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste sweetness. cat 116 cat Their taste buds instead respond to acids, amino acids like protein, and bitter tastes. cat 117 cat Cats and many other animals have a Jacobson's organ in their mouths that is used in the behavioral process of flehmening. It allows them to sense certain aromas in a way that humans cannot. Cats also have a distinct temperature preference for their food, preferring food with a temperature around 38 °C (100 °F) which is similar to that of a fresh kill and routinely rejecting food presented cold or refrigerated (which would signal to the cat that the "prey" item is long dead and therefore possibly toxic or decomposing). cat 115 cat


The whiskers of a cat are highly sensitive to touch.
To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body, especially their faces. These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective blink reflexes to protect the eyes from damage. cat 67 cat :47

File:BIOASTRONAUTICS RESEARCH Gov.archives.arc.68700.ogv
Comparison of cat righting reflexes in gravity versus zero gravity
Most breeds of cat have a noted fondness for settling in high places, or perching. In the wild, a higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats may strike prey by pouncing from a perch such as a tree branch, as does a leopard. cat 118 cat Another possible explanation is that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its territory. During a fall from a high place, a cat can reflexively twist its body and right itself using its acute sense of balance and flexibility. cat 119 cat This is known as the cat righting reflex. An individual cat always rights itself in the same way, provided it has the time to do so, during a fall. The height required for this to occur is around 90 cm (3.0 ft). Cats without a tail (e.g. many specimens of the Manx and Cymric breeds) also have this ability, since a cat mostly relies on leg movement and conservation of angular momentum to set up for landing, and the tail is little used for this feat. cat 120 cat Their excellent sense of balance allows cats to move with great stability. A cat falling from heights of up to 3 meters can right itself and land on its paws. cat 121 cat

Health
Main articles: Cat health and Aging in cats
The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent years. In the early 1980s, it was about seven years, cat 122 cat :33 cat 123 cat rising to 9.4 years in 1995 cat 122 cat :33 and 15.1 years in 2018. cat 124 cat However, cats have been reported as surviving into their 30s, cat 125 cat with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff, dying at a verified age of 38. cat 126 cat

Spaying or neutering increases life expectancy: one study found neutered male cats live twice as long as intact males, while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact females. cat 122 cat :35 Having a cat neutered confers health benefits, because castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females cannot develop uterine or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer. cat 127 cat

Despite widespread concern about the welfare of free-roaming cats, the lifespans of neutered feral cats in managed colonies compare favorably with those of pet cats. cat 128 cat :45 cat 129 cat :1358 cat 130 cat cat 131 cat cat 132 cat cat 133 cat

Diseases
Main article: Feline diseases
A wide range of health problems may affect cats, including infectious diseases, parasites, injuries, and chronic disease. Vaccinations are available for many of these diseases, and domestic cats are regularly given treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms and fleas. cat 134 cat

Genetics
Main article: Cat genetics
The domesticated cat and its closest wild ancestor are both diploid organisms that possess 38 chromosomes cat 135 cat and roughly 20,000 genes. cat 136 cat About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats, many similar to human inborn errors. cat 137 cat The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study of the human diseases. cat 138 cat cat 139 cat

Behavior
See also: Cat behavior and Cat intelligence
Cat lying on rice straw
Cat lying on rice straw

Angry domestic cat
Outdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night. cat 140 cat cat 141 cat The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied, which means house cats may be more active in the morning and evening, as a response to greater human activity at these times. cat 142 cat Although they spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their home, housecats can range many hundreds of meters from this central point, and are known to establish territories that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging from 7 to 28 hectares (17–69 acres). cat 141 cat

Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. The daily duration of sleep varies, usually between 12 and 16 hours, with 13 and 14 being the average. Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours. The term "cat nap" for a short rest refers to the cat's tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period. While asleep, cats experience short periods of rapid eye movement sleep often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests they are dreaming. cat 143 cat

Sociability

Social grooming
Although wildcats are solitary, the social behavior of domestic cats is much more variable and ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat colonies that gather around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females. cat 144 cat cat 145 cat Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others. cat 35 cat Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. cat 111 cat These territories are marked by urine spraying, by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and by defecation. cat 111 cat Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling and, if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. Despite some cats cohabiting in colonies, they do not have a social survival strategy, or a pack mentality and always hunt alone. cat 146 cat


Cat with an Alaskan Malamute dog
However, some pet cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats may show aggressiveness towards newly arrived kittens, which may include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial aggression. cat 147 cat

Though cats and dogs are often characterized as natural enemies, they can live together if correctly socialized. cat 148 cat

Life in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation in cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals. Ethologically, the human keeper of a cat may function as a sort of surrogate for the cat's mother, cat 149 cat and adult housecats live their lives in a kind of extended kittenhood, cat 150 cat a form of behavioral neoteny. The high-pitched sounds housecats make to solicit food may mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly difficult for humans to ignore. cat 151 cat

Domestic cats' scent rubbing behavior towards humans or other cats is thought to be a feline means for social bonding. cat 152 cat

Communication
Main article: Cat communication
Domestic cats use many vocalizations for communication, including purring, trilling, hissing, growling/snarling, grunting, and several different forms of meowing. cat 8 cat By contrast, feral cats are generally silent. cat 153 cat :208 Their types of body language, including position of ears and tail, relaxation of the whole body, and kneading of the paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail and ears are particularly important social signal mechanisms in cats; cat 154 cat cat 155 cat for example, a raised tail acts as a friendly greeting, and flattened ears indicates hostility. Tail-raising also indicates the cat's position in the group's social hierarchy, with dominant individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate animals. cat 155 cat Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting and may be followed by social grooming, which is solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its head. cat 145 cat

Purring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signalling mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens. Post-nursing cats often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted, becoming relaxed, cat 156 cat cat 157 cat or eating. The mechanism by which cats purr is elusive. The cat has no unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for the sound. cat 158 cat It was until recent times, cat when? cat believed that only the cats of the Felis genus could purr. However, felids of the genus Panthera (tiger, lion, jaguar, and leopard) also produce non-continuous sounds, called chuffs, similar to purring, but only when exhaling. cat 159 cat

Grooming

The hooked papillae on a cat's tongue act like a hairbrush to help clean and detangle fur.
File:Housecat Grooming Itself.webm
A tabby housecat uses its brush-like tongue to groom itself, licking its fur to straighten it.
Cats are known for spending considerable amounts of time licking their coats to keep them clean. cat 160 cat The cat's tongue has backwards-facing spines about 500 μm long, which are called papillae. These contain keratin which makes them rigid cat 161 cat so the papillae act like a hairbrush. Some cats, particularly longhaired cats, occasionally regurgitate hairballs of fur that have collected in their stomachs from grooming. These clumps of fur are usually sausage-shaped and about 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long. Hairballs can be prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the gut, as well as regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush. cat 160 cat

Fighting
Among domestic cats, males are more likely to fight than females. cat 162 cat Among feral cats, the most common reason for cat fighting is competition between two males to mate with a female. In such cases, most fights are won by the heavier male. cat 163 cat Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small home. cat 162 cat Female cats also fight over territory or to defend their kittens. Neutering will decrease or eliminate this behavior in many cases, suggesting that the behavior is linked to sex hormones. cat 164 cat


An arched back, raised fur and an open-mouthed hiss can all be signs of aggression in a domestic cat.
When cats become aggressive, they try to make themselves appear larger and more threatening by raising their fur, arching their backs, turning sideways and hissing or spitting. cat 154 cat Often, the ears are pointed down and back to avoid damage to the inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind them while focused forward. They may also vocalize loudly and bare their teeth in an effort to further intimidate their opponent. Fights usually consist of grappling and delivering powerful slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites. Cats also throw themselves to the ground in a defensive posture to rake their opponent's belly with their powerful hind legs. cat 165 cat

Serious damage is rare, as the fights are usually short in duration, with the loser running away with little more than a few scratches to the face and ears. However, fights for mating rights are typically more severe and injuries may include deep puncture wounds and lacerations. Normally, serious injuries from fighting are limited to infections of scratches and bites, though these can occasionally kill cats if untreated. In addition, bites are probably the main route of transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus. cat 166 cat Sexually active males are usually involved in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered faces with obvious scars and cuts to their ears and nose. cat 167 cat

Hunting and feeding

A cat that is playing with a caught mouse. Cats play with their prey to weaken or exhaust them before making a kill.

A domestic cat with its prey
Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents, cat 168 cat and are often used as a form of pest control. cat 169 cat cat 170 cat Domestic cats are a major predator of wildlife in the United States, killing an estimated 1.4 to 3.7 billion birds and 6.9 to 20.7 billion mammals annually. cat 171 cat cat 172 cat The bulk of predation in the United States is done by 80 million feral and stray cats. Effective measures to reduce this population are elusive, meeting opposition from cat enthusiasts. cat 171 cat cat 172 cat In the case of free-ranging pets, equipping cats with bells and not letting them out at night will reduce wildlife predation. cat 168 cat

Free-fed feral cats and house cats tend to consume many small meals in a single day, although the frequency and size of meals varies between individuals. cat 146 cat Cats use two hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in ambush until an animal comes close enough to be captured. cat 173 cat Although it is not certain, the strategy used may depend on the prey species in the area, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but tending to actively stalk birds. cat 174 cat :153

Perhaps the best known element of cats' hunting behavior, which is commonly misunderstood and often appalls cat owners because it looks like torture, is that cats often appear to "play" with prey by releasing it after capture. This behavior is due to an instinctive imperative to ensure that the prey is weak enough to be killed without endangering the cat. cat 175 cat This behavior is referred to in the idiom "cat-and-mouse game" or simply "cat and mouse".

Another poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to human guardians. Ethologist Paul Leyhausen proposed that cats adopt humans into their social group and share excess kill with others in the group according to the dominance hierarchy, in which humans are reacted to as if they are at, or near, the top. cat 176 cat Anthropologist and zoologist Desmond Morris, in his 1986 book Catwatching, suggests, when cats bring home mice or birds, they are attempting to teach their human to hunt, or trying to help their human as if feeding "an elderly cat, or an inept kitten". cat 177 cat cat 178 cat Morris's hypothesis is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, despite males having negligible involvement with raising kittens. cat 174 cat :153

Domestic cats select food based on its temperature, smell and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. cat 86 cat cat 146 cat Cats may reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past. cat 146 cat They may also avoid sugary foods and milk. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugars in milk are not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea. cat 146 cat cat 179 cat They can also develop odd eating habits. Some cats like to eat or chew on other things, most commonly wool, but also plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal. This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten. cat 180 cat cat 181 cat

Though cats usually prey on animals less than half their size, a feral cat in Australia has been photographed killing an adult pademelon of around the cat's weight at 4 kg (8.8 lb). cat 182 cat

Since cats lack sufficient lips to create suction, cat 183 cat they use a lapping method with the tongue to draw liquid upwards into their mouths. Lapping at a rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth tip of its tongue to the surface of the water, and quickly retracts it like a corkscrew, drawing water upwards. cat 184 cat

Running
A veterinarian and columnist for Mercola Healthy Pets, Karen Shaw Becker, has compiled a list of the fastest and most athletic cat breeds. First is the Egyptian Mau, which can clock up to 30 miles per hour, faster than any other domestic cat breed in the world. cat 185 cat cat unreliable source cat In descending order, Becker lists the other swift domestic cats: the Abyssinian cat, the Somali cat, the Bengal cat, the Savannah cat, the Manx cat ("He can jump and accelerate through the house like there's no tomorrow. Watch for his sharp turns and quick stops – you'll think he's a mini sports car in the shape of a cat."), the Siamese cat, the Ocicat, and the Oriental Shorthair.

The average house cat can outspeed the average house dog (excluding those born to run and race, such as the greyhound and the cheetah), but they excel at sprinting, not at long-distance running. cat citation needed cat

Play
Main article: Cat play and toys
File:Play fight between cats.webmhd.webm
Play fight between kittens, age 14 weeks
Cat playing with a lizard
Cat playing with a lizard
Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey. cat 186 cat Cats also engage in play fighting, with each other and with humans. This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat, and might also reduce any fear they associate with launching attacks on other animals. cat 187 cat

Owing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats prefer to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that move rapidly, but rapidly lose interest (they become habituated) in a toy they have played with before. cat 188 cat Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry. cat 189 cat String is often used as a toy, but if it is eaten, it can become caught at the base of the cat's tongue and then move into the intestines, a medical emergency which can cause serious illness, even death. cat 190 cat Owing to the risks posed by cats eating string, it is sometimes replaced with a laser pointer's dot, which cats may chase. cat 191 cat

Reproduction
See also: Kitten

When cats mate, the tomcat (male) bites the scruff of the female's neck as she assumes a position conducive to mating known as lordosis behavior.

Radiography of a pregnant cat (about one month and a half)
Female cats are seasonally polyestrous, which means they may have many periods of heat over the course of a year, the season beginning in spring and ending in late autumn. Heat periods occur about every two weeks and last about 4 to 7 days. cat 192 cat Multiple males will be attracted to a female in heat. The males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. At first, the female rejects the male, but eventually the female allows the male to mate. The female utters a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120–150 backwards-pointing penile spines, which are about 1 mm long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which acts to induce ovulation. This act also occurs to clear the vagina of other sperm in the context of a second (or more) mating, thus giving the later males a larger chance of conception. cat 193 cat

After mating, the female washes her vulva thoroughly. If a male attempts to mate with her at this point, the female will attack him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat. cat 192 cat

Because ovulation is not always triggered by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate. cat 194 cat Furthermore, cats are superfecund; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers. cat 192 cat


A newborn kitten
At 124 hours after conception, the morula forms. At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10–12 days, implantation occurs. cat 195 cat cat 196 cat

The gestation period for cats is between 64 and 67 days, with an average of 66 days. cat 197 cat The size of a litter usually is three to five kittens, with the first litter usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned between six and seven weeks old, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months (females) and at 5–7 months (males), although this can vary depending on breed. Females can have two to three litters per year, so may produce up to 150 kittens in their breeding span of around ten years. cat 192 cat

Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks of age, cat 198 cat when they are ready to leave their mother. They can be surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as early as 7 weeks to limit unwanted reproduction. cat 199 cat This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, territory marking (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed before puberty, at about three to six months. cat 200 cat In the US, about 80% of household cats are neutered. cat 201 cat

Ecology
Habitats

A cat in snowy weather
Cats are a cosmopolitan species and are found across much of the world. cat 40 cat Geneticist Stephen James O'Brien, of the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland, remarked on how successful cats have been in evolutionary terms: "Cats are one of evolution's most charismatic creatures. They can live on the highest mountains and in the hottest deserts." cat 202 cat They are extremely adaptable and are now present on all continents except Antarctica, and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands—even on isolated islands such as the Kerguelen Islands. cat 203 cat cat 204 cat

Feral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands. cat 205 cat Their habitats even include small oceanic islands with no human inhabitants. cat 206 cat Further, the close relatives of domestic cats, the African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica) and the Arabian sand cat (Felis margarita) both inhabit desert environments, cat 30 cat and domestic cats still show similar adaptations and behaviors. cat 33 cat The cat's ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial habitat has led to its designation as one of the world's worst invasive species. cat 207 cat

As domestic cats are little altered from wildcats, they can readily interbreed. This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of some wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary and possibly also the Iberian Peninsula. cat 43 cat

Feral cats
Main article: Feral cat

Feral farm cat
Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas. cat 10 cat The numbers of feral cats is not known, but estimates of the US feral population range from 25 to 60 million. cat 10 cat Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large colonies, which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food. cat 208 cat Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at some of these sites being fed and given medical attention by volunteers. cat 209 cat

Public attitudes towards feral cats vary widely, ranging from seeing them as free-ranging pets, to regarding them as vermin. cat 210 cat One common approach to reducing the feral cat population is termed 'trap-neuter-return', where the cats are trapped, neutered, immunized against diseases such as rabies and the feline Panleukopenia and Leukemia viruses, and then released. cat 211 cat Before releasing them back into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian often nips the tip off one ear to mark it as neutered and inoculated, since these cats may be trapped again. Volunteers continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives. Given this support, their lifespans are increased, and behavior and nuisance problems caused by competition for food are reduced. cat 208 cat

Impact on prey species

Carrying half of a rabbit
To date, little scientific data is available to assess the impact of cat predation on prey populations outside of agricultural situations. Even well-fed domestic cats may hunt and kill, mainly catching small mammals, but also birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates. cat 168 cat cat 212 cat Hunting by domestic cats may be contributing to the decline in the numbers of birds in urban areas, although the importance of this effect remains controversial. cat 213 cat In the wild, the introduction of feral cats during human settlement can threaten native species with extinction. cat 206 cat In many cases, controlling or eliminating the populations of non-native cats can produce a rapid recovery in native animals. cat 214 cat However, the ecological role of introduced cats can be more complicated. For example, cats can control the numbers of rats, which also prey on birds' eggs and young, so a cat population can protect an endangered bird species by suppressing mesopredators. cat 215 cat

In isolated landmasses, such as Australasia, there are often no other native, medium-sized quadrupedal predators (including other feline species); this tends to exacerbate the impact of feral cats on small native animals. cat 216 cat Native species such as the New Zealand kakapo and the Australian bettong, for example, tend to be more ecologically vulnerable and behaviorally "naive", when faced with predation by cats. cat 217 cat Feral cats have had a major impact on these native species and have played a leading role in the endangerment and extinction of many animals. cat 218 cat

Even in places with ancient and numerous cat populations, such as Western Europe, cats appear to be growing in number and independently of their environments' carrying capacity (such as the numbers of prey available). cat 219 cat cat 220 cat This may be explained, at least in part, by an abundance of food, from sources including feeding by pet owners and scavenging. For instance, research in Britain suggests that a high proportion of cats hunt only "recreationally", cat 220 cat and in South Sweden, where research in 1982 found that the population density of cats was as high as 2,000 per square kilometre (5,200/sq mi). cat 219 cat

In agricultural settings, cats can be effective at keeping mouse and rat populations low, but only if rodent harborage locations are kept under control. cat 221 cat cat 222 cat While cats are effective at preventing rodent population explosions, they are not effective for eliminating pre-existing severe infestations. cat 223 cat

Impact on birds

A black cat eating a house sparrow
The domestic cat is a significant predator of birds. UK assessments indicate they may be accountable for an estimated 64.8 million bird deaths each year. cat 168 cat A 2012 study suggests feral cats may kill several billion birds each year in the United States. cat 224 cat Certain species appear more susceptible than others; for example, 30% of house sparrow mortality is linked to the domestic cat. cat 225 cat In the recovery of ringed robins (Erithacus rubecula) and dunnocks (Prunella modularis), 31% of deaths were a result of cat predation. cat 226 cat In parts of North America, the presence of larger carnivores such as coyotes which prey on cats and other small predators reduces the effect of predation by cats and other small predators such as opossums and raccoons on bird numbers and variety. cat 227 cat The proposal that cat populations will increase when the numbers of these top predators decline is called the mesopredator release hypothesis.

On islands, birds can contribute as much as 60% of a cat's diet. cat 228 cat In nearly all cases, however, the cat cannot be identified as the sole cause for reducing the numbers of island birds, and in some instances, eradication of cats has caused a 'mesopredator release' effect; cat 229 cat where the suppression of top carnivores creates an abundance of smaller predators that cause a severe decline in their shared prey. Domestic cats are, however, known to be a contributing factor to the decline of many species, a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction. The South Island piopio, Chatham rail, cat 226 cat the New Zealand merganser, cat 230 cat and the common diving petrel cat 231 cat are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the flightless Lyall's wren, which was driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery. cat 232 cat cat 233 cat

Some of the same factors that have promoted adaptive radiation of island avifauna over evolutionary time appear to promote vulnerability to non-native species in modern time. The susceptibility of many island birds is undoubtedly due to evolution in the absence of mainland predators, competitors, diseases, and parasites, in addition to lower reproductive rates and extended incubation periods. cat 234 cat The loss of flight, or reduced flying ability is also characteristic of many island endemics. cat 235 cat These biological aspects have increased vulnerability to extinction in the presence of introduced species, such as the domestic cat. cat 236 cat Equally, behavioral traits exhibited by island species, such as "predatory naivety" cat 237 cat and ground-nesting, cat 234 cat have also contributed to their susceptibility.

Interaction with humans
Main article: Human interaction with cats

A woman holding two cats
Cats are common pets throughout the world, and their worldwide population exceeds 500 million. cat 14 cat Although cat guardianship has commonly been associated with women, cat 238 cat a 2007 Gallup poll reported that men and women in the United States of America were equally likely to own a cat. cat 239 cat

As well as being kept as pets, cats are also used in the international fur cat 240 cat and leather industries for making coats, hats, blankets, and stuffed toys; cat 241 cat and shoes, gloves, and musical instruments respectively cat 242 cat (about 24 cats are needed to make a cat-fur coat). cat 243 cat This use has been outlawed in the United States, Australia, and the European Union. cat 244 cat Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practise of witchcraft, cat 245 cat and are still made into blankets in Switzerland as folk remedies believed to help rheumatism. cat 246 cat In the Western intellectual tradition, the idea of cats as everyday objects have served to illustrate problems of quantum mechanics in the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment.

A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or national and international organizations (such as the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies's one cat 247 cat ) and over the Internet, cat 248 cat cat 249 cat but such a task does not seem simple to achieve. General estimates for the global population of domestic cats range widely from anywhere between 200 million to 600 million. cat 250 cat cat 251 cat cat 252 cat cat 253 cat cat 254 cat cat 255 cat

Cat show
Main article: Cat show
A cat show is a judged event in which the owners of cats compete to win titles in various cat registering organizations by entering their cats to be judged after a breed standard. cat 256 cat cat 257 cat Both pedigreed and companion (or moggy) cats are admissible, although the rules differ from organization to organization. Cats are compared to a breed standard, cat 258 cat and the owners of those judged to be closest to it are awarded a prize. Moggies are judged based on their temperament. Often, at the end of the year, all of the points accrued at various shows are added up and more national and regional titles are awarded.

Cat café
Main article: Cat café
A cat café is a theme café whose attraction is cats that can be watched and played with. cat 259 cat

Ailurophobia
Main article: Ailurophobia
Ailurophobia is a human phobia of cats; however, the term is often associated with humans that have a hatred of cats. cat 260 cat

Cat bites
Main article: Cat bite
Cats may bite humans when provoked, during play or when aggressive. Complications from cat bites can develop. cat 261 cat A cat bite differs from the bites of other pets. This is because the teeth of a cat are sharp and pointed causing deep punctures. Skin usually closes rapidly over the bite and traps microorganisms that cause infection. cat 262 cat cat 261 cat

Infections transmitted from cats to humans
Main article: Feline zoonosis
Cats can be infected or infested with viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, arthropods or worms that can transmit diseases to humans. cat 263 cat In some cases, the cat exhibits no symptoms of the disease, cat 264 cat However, the same disease can then become evident in a human. The likelihood that a person will become diseased depends on the age and immune status of the person. Humans who have cats living in their home or in close association are more likely to become infected, however, those who do not keep cats as pets might also acquire infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat's body. cat 263 cat cat 265 cat Some of the infections of most concern include salmonella, cat-scratch disease and toxoplasmosis. cat 264 cat

History and mythology
Main articles: Cultural depictions of cats and Cats in ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians mummified dead cats out of respect in the same way that they mummified people. cat 266 cat

Ancient Roman mosaic of a cat killing a partridge from the House of the Faun in Pompeii

A 19th-century drawing of a tabby cat
Traditionally, historians tended to think ancient Egypt was the site of cat domestication, owing to the clear depictions of house cats in Egyptian paintings about 3,600 years old. cat 30 cat However, in 2004, a Neolithic grave excavated in Shillourokambos, Cyprus, contained the skeletons, laid close to one another, of both a human and a cat. The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, pushing back the earliest known feline–human association significantly. cat 17 cat cat 267 cat cat 268 cat The cat specimen is large and closely resembles the African wildcat, rather than present-day domestic cats. This discovery, combined with genetic studies, suggests cats were probably domesticated in the Middle East, in the Fertile Crescent around the time of the development of agriculture, and then were brought to Cyprus and Egypt. cat 16 cat cat 21 cat Direct evidence for the domestication of cats 5,300 years ago in Quanhucun, China has been published by archaeologists and paleontologists from the University of Washington and Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cats are believed to have been attracted to the village by rodents, which in turn were attracted by grain cultivated and stored by humans. cat 269 cat

In ancient Egypt, cats were sacred animals, with the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. cat 270 cat :220 Killing a cat was absolutely forbidden cat 266 cat and the Greek historian Herodotus reports that, whenever a household cat died, the entire family would mourn and shave their eyebrows. cat 266 cat Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of Bubastis, cat 266 cat where they were embalmed and buried in sacred repositories. cat 266 cat Domestic cats were probably first introduced to Greece and southern Italy in the fifth century BC by the Phoenicians. cat 271 cat The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats. cat 272 cat :57–58 cat 273 cat

Housecats seem to have been extremely rare among the ancient Greeks and Romans; cat 273 cat Herodotus expressed astonishment at the domestic cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats. cat 273 cat Even during later times, weasels were far more commonly kept as pets cat 273 cat and weasels, not cats, were seen as the ideal rodent-killers. cat 273 cat The usual ancient Greek word for "cat" was ailouros, meaning "thing with the waving tail", cat 272 cat :57 cat 273 cat but this word could also be applied to any of the "various long-tailed carnivores kept for catching mice". cat 273 cat Cats are rarely mentioned in ancient Greek literature, cat 273 cat but Aristotle does remark in his History of Animals that "female cats are naturally lecherous." cat 272 cat :74 cat 273 cat The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. cat 272 cat :77–79 In Ovid's Metamorphoses, when the gods flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess Diana (the Roman equivalent of Artemis) turns into a cat. cat 272 cat :79 Cats eventually displaced ferrets as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice. cat 274 cat During the Middle Ages, many of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the Virgin Mary. cat 274 cat Cats are often shown in icons of Annunciation and of the Holy Family cat 274 cat and, according to Italian folklore, on the same night that Mary gave birth to Jesus, a virgin cat in Bethlehem gave birth to a kitten. cat 274 cat Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery, as ships' cats were carried on sailing ships to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms. cat 270 cat :223

Several ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that are all-knowing but mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In Japan, the maneki neko cat is a symbol of good fortune. cat 275 cat In Norse mythology, Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats. cat 276 cat In Jewish legend, the first cat was living in the house of the first man Adam as a pet that got rid of mice. cat 277 cat The cat was once partnering with the first dog before the latter broke an oath they had made which resulted in enmity between the descendants of these two animals. cat 277 cat It is also written that neither cats nor foxes are represented in the water, while every other animal has an incarnation species in the water. cat 277 cat Although no species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by Muslims. Some Western writers have stated Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza. cat 278 cat He is reported to have loved cats so much, "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it". cat 279 cat The story has no origin in early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries after Muhammad. cat 280 cat One of the companions of Muhammad was known as "Abu Hurayrah" (Father of the Kitten), in reference to his documented affection to cats. cat 281 cat

Superstitions and cat burning

Some cultures are superstitious about black cats, ascribing either good or bad luck to them.
Many cultures have negative superstitions about cats. An example would be the belief that a black cat "crossing one's path" leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches' familiars used to augment a witch's powers and skills. The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres, Belgium, is commemorated in the innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat parade). cat 282 cat In medieval France, cats would be burnt alive as a form of entertainment. According to Norman Davies, the assembled people "shrieked with laughter as the animals, howling with pain, were singed, roasted, and finally carbonized". cat 283 cat

"It was the custom to burn a basket, barrel, or sack full of live cats, which was hung from a tall mast in the midst of the bonfire; sometimes a fox was burned. The people collected the embers and ashes of the fire and took them home, believing that they brought good luck. The French kings often witnessed these spectacles and even lit the bonfire with their own hands. In 1648 Louis XIV, crowned with a wreath of roses and carrying a bunch of roses in his hand, kindled the fire, danced at it and partook of the banquet afterwards in the town hall. But this was the last occasion when a monarch presided at the midsummer bonfire in Paris. At Metz midsummer fires were lighted with great pomp on the esplanade, and a dozen cats, enclosed in wicker cages, were burned alive in them, to the amusement of the people. Similarly at Gap, in the department of the Hautes-Alpes, cats used to be roasted over the midsummer bonfire." cat 284 cat

According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to have seven lives, cat 285 cat cat 286 cat while in Turkish and Arabic traditions, the number of lives is six. cat 287 cat The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations. Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall. cat 288 cat