LINKS to all the sub-indexes on this page

Some important basics of chemistry and of what use is chemistry?

Methods of separating mixtures

Chemical analysis - chemical tests used in school/college laboratories

Acids, Alkalis, pH scale, bases, neutralisation, salt preparations and tests for ions and gases

Water and aspects of aqueous chemistry

The Periodic Table, Periods, Groups and Series of Elements

Reversible reactions, chemical equilibrium, ammonia, nitric acid, fertilisers, pollution

Reactivity Series of Metals, Experiments and Corrosion

The Mining and Extraction of Metals - iron, copper, aluminium, recycling

More on aspects of industrial chemistry - applications of chemistry, chemical industry, life cycle assessments

Electrochemistry and Electrolysis Experiments, fuel cells

What controls the RATE (speed) of chemical reactions? Including collision theory and experimental procedures

Energy transfer changes in chemistry - exothermic and endothermic reactions

States of Matter - Gases, Liquids and Solids - Particle Models

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding - ionic, covalent and metallic

Materials Science - Nanochemistry and Smart Materials

OIL and its useful products and an Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Chemical Calculations - how to solve numerical problems in chemistry

THE SUB-INDEXES

Some important basics of CHEMISTRY and of what use is chemistry?

including methods of separating mixtures

• Some important ideas and definitions in Chemistry, what is a chemical change-reaction?
  • See also Law of Conservation of Mass
• Methods of Separating Mixtures

• Distillation - Simple and Fractional Distillation 

• Paper & thin layer chromatography (tlc) and gas chromatography (gc, glc)
• Filtration, evaporation, crystallisation, drying and decantation
• Separating funnel, magnet, solvent extraction, centrifuge
• How to write and interpret chemical equations, work out formula and name compounds
• Types of Chemical Reactions or Chemical Processes
• Uses of Chemicals - 220+ examples briefly described

Chemical analysis - chemical tests used in school/college laboratories

• Introduction to ANALYSIS, qualitative chemical Identification tests & qualitative chemical analysis & hazard symbols
• Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional groups of homologous series
• Tests for metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion
• Tests for gases, water and non-metallic elements
• Tests for anions (negative ions)
• Summary of tests for GCSE of some common ions, including
flame colours, spectra, element identification
• Paper & thin layer chromatography (tlc) and gas chromatography (gc, glc)
• Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
• Methods of preparing and collecting gases revision notes

Acids, Alkalis, pH scale, bases, neutralisation, salt preparations and tests for ions and gases

• INDEX of pH scale, acids, alkalis, salts
• Everyday examples of acid-alkali chemistry and hazard warning symbols
• pH scale, indicators, ionic theory of acids, alkalis (bases) & neutralisation
• Acid reactions with metals, oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and neutralisation reactions
• Reactions of bases-alkalis like sodium hydroxide
• Methods of making salts, summary of tests for common ions
• Making a salt by neutralising a soluble acid with a soluble base (alkali) - neutralisation reaction
• Preparing a salt by reacting an acid with a metal or with an insoluble base - oxide, hydroxide or carbonate
• Preparing an insoluble salt by mixing solutions of two soluble compounds
• Making a salt by directly combining its constituent elements
• Changes in pH in a neutralisation - pH curves graphs
• Important formulae, salt solubility and water of crystallisation
• More on Acid-Base Theory of Weak and Strong Acids, examples explained
• Volumetric titration analysis calculations, acid-alkali titrations (methods and diagrams of apparatus).
• Summary of tests for some common ions
• Introduction to qualitative tests and chemical analysis
• TESTS for Metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions (acids)
• TESTS for Anions (negative ions) including hydroxide (alkalis)
• TESTS for Gases, water and non–metallic elements

WATER and aspects of aqueous chemistry

• INDEX of water notes
• Water cycle, treatment including filtration and chlorination, pollution
• Colloids - sols, foam and emulsions, section on paints and pigments
• Hard and soft water - causes and treatment
• Gas and salt solubility in water and solubility curves
• Calculation of water of crystallisation
• Electrolysis of water (dilute sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, certain salts)

The Periodic Table, Periods, Groups and Series of Elements

• Atomic Structure with reference to Periodic Table
• The Periodic Table - overview and summary and Quizzes-Worksheets section 3.
• Group 1 The Alkali Metals, physical & chemical properties, uses
• Group 7 The Halogens, physical & chemical properties
  • See also Salt NaCl extraction, electrolysis products, uses of halogens
• Group 0 Noble Gases and Quizzes-Worksheets section 7.
• Transition Metals - chemistry, properties and uses
• ELEMENT DATA - huge database

Reversible  Reactions, Chemical equilibrium, ammonia, nitric acid and fertilisers

• Sub-index
• Reversible Reactions
• Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
• The Haber Synthesis of ammonia
• The Uses of ammonia-nitric acid-fertilisers, making fertiliser salts
• Fertilisers - environmental problems - eutrophication
• The nitrogen cycle

Reactivity Series of Metals, experiments and Corrosion

• The Reactivity Series of Metals
• Corrosion - Rusting of Iron and Redox Reactions Introduction r
• Metal Reactivity Series Experiments-Observations

The Mining and Extraction of Metals

• INDEX and introduction to the extraction of metals
• Introduction to Metal Extraction
• Extraction of Iron and Steel Making
• Extraction of Aluminium and Sodium
• Extraction and Purification of Copper
• Extraction of Zinc, Titanium and Chromium
• Economic & environmental Issues - emphasis on metal extraction

More on aspects of industrial chemistry - applications of chemistry, life cycle assessments

• Limestone, lime - uses, thermal decomposition of carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates
• Enzymes and Biotechnology
• Contact Process, the importance of sulphuric acid
• How can metals be made more useful? (alloys of Al, Fe, steel etc.)
• The importance of titanium
• Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
• Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industry Economics, Sustainability & Life Cycle Assessment
• Products of the Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industries & impact on us
• The Principles & Practice of Chemical Production - Synthesising Molecules
• See also
  • Economic & environmental Issues - emphasis on mining, metal extraction and recycling
  • Salt NaCl extraction, electrolysis products, uses of halogens
  • The chemistry and economics of the Haber Synthesis of ammonia
  • Fractional distillation of crude oil & uses of fractions
  • The Haber Synthesis of ammonia
  • Introduction to Metal Extraction
  • Electrochemistry, electrolysis and applications
• Introduction to 'Formulation Chemistry' e.g. cosmetics, shampoos, paints, pesticides etc.

Electrochemistry and Electrolysis

• INDEX Electrochemistry, electrolysis and applications
• Introduction to electrolysis – electrolytes, non–electrolytes, electrode equations
• Electrolysis of water (dilute sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, certain salts)
• Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine)
  • See also Salt - NaCl - extraction - products uses of halogens
• Electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution
• Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide (and other molten compounds) 
• Electrolysis of copper(II) chloride solution
• Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid
• Summary of electrode equations and products
• Summary of electrolysis products from various electrolytes
• Simple cells (batteries)
• Simple batteries and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
• See also
  • Extraction of Aluminium and Sodium
  • Extraction and Purification of Copper, electroplating
  • Electrolysis products calculations (negative cathode and positive anode products)

What controls the RATE (speed) of chemical reactions? Including collision theory and experimental procedures

• Factors affecting the rates-speeds of chemical reactions GCSE revision study notes
• What do we mean by the rate/speed of reaction? Examples, How do we measure rate? Experimental methods
• Collision theory of chemical reactions and activation energy
• Effect of changing concentration on rate
• Effect of changing pressure on rate
• Effect of changing particle size/surface area & stirring of a solid reactant on rate
• Effect of changing temperature on rate
• Effect of using a catalyst on rate
• Light initiated reactions
• More examples of graphs and their interpretation

Energy transfer changes in chemistry - exothermic and endothermic reactions

• Sub-index of energy changes-transfers in chemical reactions notes
• Heat changes in chemical/physical changes - exothermic and endothermic
• Reversible reactions and energy changes
• Activation energy and reaction profiles
• Catalysts and activation energy
• Introduction to bond energy/enthalpy calculations
• Calorimeter methods of determining energy changes
• Energy transfer calculations from calorimeter results
• See also
  • The hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
  • Burning Fossil Fuels
  • Fuel uses of oil fractions, What makes a good fuel?
  • Combustion of hydrocarbons

States of Matter - Gases, Liquids and Solids - Particle Models

• States of Matter Part 1 - particle theory - gas, liquid & solid GCSE study revision notes
• States of Matter Part 2 - Gas Law Calculations, Ideal gases etc.

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding - ionic, covalent and metallic

• Atomic Structure including isotopes and Quizzes-Worksheets section 17.
• Introduction to Types of Chemical Bonding
and Materials Science
• Ionic Bonding - compounds and properties
• Covalent Bonding -small simple molecules and properties
• Covalent Bonding - macromolecules and giant covalent structures
• Metallic Bonding - structure and properties of metals

Materials Science - Nanochemistry and Smart Materials

Revision help notes for the Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry (9-1) IGCSE Chemistry 4CH1 specification - syllabus exam paper

• A general survey of the properties and uses of a range of materials (natural & synthetic)
• INDEX and introduction to NANOCHEMISTRY
• General introduction to nanoscience and commonly used terms explained
• NANOCHEMISTRY - an introduction and potential applications
• Uses of Nanoparticles of titanium(IV) oxide, fat and silver
• From fullerenes & bucky balls to carbon nanotubes
• Graphene and Fluorographene
• Cubic and hexagonal boron nitride BN
• Problems, issues and implications associated with using nanomaterials
• INDEX and introduction to SMART MATERIALS which obviously overlaps with nanomaterials
• Chromogenic - thermochromic pigments, paints, photochromic, electrochromic & phosphorescent materials
• Shape memory alloys e.g. Nitinol & uses and Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys
• Shape memory polymers, pH and temperature sensitive-responsive polymers, Self-healing materials
• Lycra-Spandex
• High performance polymers like Kevlar
• Gore-Tex, Thinsulate and Teflon-PTFE
• Piezoelectric effect (piezoelectric materials) & Photochromic materials
• Carbon fibres

OIL and its useful products and an Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• INDEX Chemistry Oil & Organic Chemistry Pages
• Fossil Fuels and Carbon Cycle
• Fractional distillation of crude oil & uses of fractions, What makes a good fuel?
• ALKANES - saturated hydrocarbons, physical and chemical properties -combustion
• Pollution, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, climate change-global warming
• See also Extra notes on Global Warming
• Alkenes - unsaturated hydrocarbons, physical and chemical properties
• Cracking - a problem of supply and demand, other products
• Polymers, plastics, uses and problems e.g. PE, PP, PVC, PTFE, PS
• Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Why so many series of organic compounds?
• Alcohols - Ethanol - manufacture, properties and reactions
• Biofuels, biomass, biodiesel, comparison of alternative fuels
• Carboxylic acids - chemistry and uses
• Esters preparation - chemistry and uses - flavourings, perfumes, solvents etc.
• More on Addition polymers & condensation polymers, comparing thermoplastics, thermosets & fibres and their uses
• Natural Molecules - carbohydrates - sugars - starch
• Amino acids, proteins, enzymes & chromatography
• Oils, fats, margarine and soaps
• Vitamins, drugs-analgesic medicines & food additives
• Ozone, CFC's and free radicals

Chemical Calculations - how to solve numerical problems in chemistry

• INDEX  of Chemical Calculations for GCSE and AS (basic)
• What is relative atomic mass? (A_r) and relative isotopic mass
• Calculating relative formula/molecular mass (M_r) of a compound or element molecule
• Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations
• Composition by percentage (%) mass of elements in a compound
• Empirical formula and formula mass of a compound from reacting masses (easy start, not using moles)
• Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products (NOT using moles and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield, atom economy and formula mass determination
• Reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations (NOT using moles)
• Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations (relating reacting masses and formula mass).
• Using moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule (starting with reacting masses or % composition)
• Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law
• Reacting gas volume ratios, Avogadro's Law and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous reactants-products)
• Molarity, volumes and solution concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
• Volumetric titration analysis calculations, acid-alkali titrations (methods and diagrams of apparatus).
• Electrolysis products calculations (negative cathode and positive anode products)
• Other calculations

• Explaining and calculating % purity of a product

• Explaining and calculating % reaction yield, reasons why never 100%

• Explaining and calculating atom economy
• Dilution of solutions calculations
• Water of crystallisation calculations
• Calculation of how much of a reactant is needed?
• Energy transfers in physical/chemical changes, activation energies and reaction profiles
• Gas calculations involving PVT relationships, Boyle's and Charles Laws

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