(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
3.1
Redox and standard electrode potential
3.2
Redox reactions
3.3
Chemistry of the
p-block
3.4
Chemistry of the
d-block
transition metals
3.5
Chemical kinetics
3.6
Enthalpy changes for solids and solutions
3.7
Entropy and feasibility of reactions
3.8
Equilibrium constants
3.9
Acid-base equilibria
A2 Unit 4 Organic chemistry and
analysis
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
4.1
Stereoisomerism
4.2
Aromaticity
4.3
Alcohols and phenols
4.4
Aldehydes and ketones
4.5
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
4.6
Amines
4.7
Amino acids, peptides and proteins
4.8
Organic synthesis and analysis
A2 Unit 5 Practical
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
A2 Unit 3 Physical and
inorganic chemistry
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
3.1
Redox and standard electrode potential
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
Inorganic redox reactions
- Part 1 includes introduction to electronegativity, explaining oxidation and reduction reactions and oxidation
state/oxidation number changes
Redox equilibria, half-cell electrode potentials,
predicting feasibility of a reaction (INDEX for several
pages)
3.2
Redox reactions
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
Inorganic redox reactions
- Part 1 includes introduction to electronegativity, explaining oxidation and reduction reactions and oxidation
state/oxidation number changes
Inorganic redox reactions
- Part 2 analysing and constructing full
redox equations from half-cell reactions
Redox titration
calculation questions
FULL ANSWERS
and WORKING for REDOX TITRATION QUESTIONS
3.3
Chemistry of the
p-block
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
The p-block elements : 8.1
Group 3/13
Introduction : Boron :
Aluminium * 8.2
Group
4/14 Introduction : Carbon :
Silicon :
Semi-metals like Ge * 8.3
Group 5/15 Introduction :
Nitrogen :
Phosphorus * 8.4
Group 6/16 Introduction :
Oxygen :
Sulfur * 8.5
Group 0/18 The Noble Gases
Part 9
Group 7/17 The Halogens
9.1
Introduction, trends
& Group 7/17 data * 9.2 Halogen displacement
reaction and reactivity trend * 9.3
Reactions of
halogens with other elements * 9.4
Reaction between halide salts and conc.
sulfuric acid *
9.5 Tests for halogens and halide ions *
9.6 Extraction of halogens from natural sources
* 9.7 Uses of halogens & compounds * 9.8
Oxidation & Reduction - more on redox reactions
of halogens & halide ions * 9.9
Volumetric
analysis - titrations involving halogens or halide ions * 9.10
Ozone, CFC's and halogen organic chemistry
links * 9.11 Chemical bonding in halogen
compounds * 9.12
Miscellaneous aspects of
halogen chemistry
3.4
Chemistry of the
d-block
transition metals
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
INORGANIC Part 10 3d block TRANSITION METALS sub-index: 10.1-10.2
Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals * 10.3
Scandium
* 10.4 Titanium * 10.5
Vanadium * 10.6
Chromium
* 10.7 Manganese * 10.8
Iron * 10.9
Cobalt
* 10.10 Nickel
* 10.11 Copper * 10.12
Zinc
* 10.13 Other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt * Appendix 1.
Hydrated salts, acidity of
hexa-aqua ions * Appendix 2. Complexes
& ligands * Appendix 3. Complexes and isomerism * Appendix 4.
Electron configuration & colour theory * Appendix 5.
Redox
equations, feasibility, Eø * Appendix 6.
Catalysis * Appendix 7.
Redox
equations
* Appendix 8. Stability Constants and entropy
changes *
Appendix 9. Colorimetric analysis
and complex ion formula * Extra Appendix 10
3d block - extended data
* Appendix 11 Some 3d-block compounds, complexes, oxidation states
& electrode potential chart * Appendix 12
Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures',
formulae and equations
3.5
Chemical kinetics
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy, homogeneous catalysts
and heterogeneous
catalysts, obtaining data, rate expressions and orders of reaction,
deducing orders of reaction See also
computer
simulation of Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes:
Selected case studies of kinetics and rate expressions and calculations, deriving the activation energy Ea from kinetics-rates data
and
Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability
Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes/alkyl halides)
Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion
[SN1 or SN2, hydrolysis to alcohol]
(introduction to, and example of, nucleophilic substitution in
halogenoalkanes)
AND
extra notes on
kinetics, rds, molecularity, activated complex etc.
3.6
Enthalpy changes for solids and solutions
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
What happens when a
salt dissolves in water and why?
ΔH Enthalpies of
ion hydration, solution, atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity
and the Born-Haber cycle
What happens when a
salt dissolves in water and why?
Enthalpy
cycles involving a salt dissolving
The
Born-Haber Cycle
3.7
Entropy and feasibility of reactions
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
Introduction to Entropy
Examples of
entropy values and comments
ΔS, Entropy
and change of state
ΔS, Entropy changes and the
feasibility of a chemical change
More on ΔG, Free energy changes, feasibility and
applications
3.8
Equilibrium constants
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
Equilibria Part 1.
Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
Equilibria
Part 2 Kc and Kp equilibrium expressions and
calculations
Equilibria Part 3
equilibrium and industrial processes See also
computer
simulation of ammonia equilibrium composition
3.9
Acid-base equilibria
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
Equilibria - pH, weak-strong
acid-base theory (Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry) and Ka,
kb and Kw
equilibrium calculations
index of level
advanced notes
Equilibria - Salt hydrolysis,
Acid-base titrations-indicators, pH curves and buffers
index of
advanced level notes
A2 Unit 4 Organic chemistry and
analysis
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
4.1
Stereoisomerism
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
General introduction and definition
of isomerism, structural isomerism - chain, positional, functional
group and tautomerism examples explained
STEREOISOMERISM general definition, E/Z (geometric/geometrical
cis/trans) isomerism
Stereoisomerism - R/S Optical
Isomerism examples and chiral auxiliary synthesis
Spotting optical isomers Q (hand written!) (answers)
4.2
Aromaticity
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
(look for 'general formulae' and links to organic molecular structure and
nomenclature/naming pages)
Notes on the Structure and Naming of Aromatic Compounds
Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
Ex. 1. Matching pair Quiz on
hydrocarbon structure
MECHANISMS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
- introduction to arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms links to various reactions
including equation and reaction conditions
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene introduction to electrophilic substitution and nitration
to form nitro-aromatic compounds (basic equation, reagents and reaction
conditions given)
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution chlorination to give
halogenoarenes
(similar for bromine, just swap Cl with Br)
(basic equation, reagents and reaction conditions given)
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution alkylation
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
(basic equation, reagents and reaction conditions given)
Acylation to give aromatic
ketones
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
4.3
Alcohols and phenols
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the chemistry of ALCOHOLS
Revision notes on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of
aliphatic ALCOHOLS Part 1 Classification into primary (prim), secondary
(sec) and tertiary (tert) - notes include isomers and other related compounds
which may not be needed
Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes/alkyl halides)
Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion (includes
reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations
showing product formation)
The physical and chemical
properties of phenol and some of its derivatives and their uses
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols/aldehydes (section 9.)
Qualitative Analysis: Tests for organic
functional groups notes (use alphabetical index for homologous series,
reagents etc.) (alphabetical keyword index at top of page)
Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes
- preparation of an ester
(described in section 4a)
Ex. 2.
Matching pair Quiz on alcohol, phenol & ether structure
Ex. 3. Matching pair Quiz on alcohols, phenols & ether reactions
4.4
Aldehydes and ketones
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on the chemistry of ALDEHYDES and KETONES
Revision notes on the
Structure and Naming of Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones
Ex. 4.
Matching pair Quiz on aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acid and ester structure
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols/aldehydes (section 9.)
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including reduction of aldehydes/ketones/carboxylic acids
to alcohols (section 8.)
Qualitative Analysis: Tests for organic
functional groups notes (use alphabetical index for homologous series,
reagents etc.) (alphabetical keyword index at top of page)
Mechanism: Carbonyl
compounds - aldehydes/ketones nucleophilic addition of
hydrogen cyanide to give a hydroxynitrile (includes
reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations
showing product formation)
4.5
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES e.g.
AMIDES
- molecular structure, preparations and reactions, brief mention of
polyamides
The chemistry of NITRILES - molecular
structure, preparations and reactions
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols/aldehydes to carboxylic
acids (sections 9.1 to 9.3)
Organic synthesis redox reactions - including oxidation of
alkyl-arenes/aromatic compounds to carboxylic acids (section 9.4)
Ex. 4.
Matching pair Quiz on aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acid and ester structure
Ex. 5 Matching
pair quiz on organic molecular structure
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including reduction of carboxylic acids to primary
alcohols (section 8.3)
Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes
- preparation of an ester
Mechanism:
Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic
substitution by cyanide ion
to make a nitrile (includes
reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations
showing product formation)
Reduction of nitriles to primary aliphatic amines in section 8.4
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - amide formation with ammonia
or primary amines
(general equations and reaction conditions quoted too)
4.6
Amines
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
AMIDES
- molecular structure, preparations and reactions, brief mention of
polyamides
The chemistry of NITRILES - molecular
structure, preparations and reactions
Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic
substitution by ammonia or primary amine
to make amines (includes
reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations
showing product formation)
Reduction of nitro-aromatic compounds to aromatic amines for dyestuffs
industry
Physical & chemical
properties of phenylamine, selected derivatives including diazonium
ions and dyes
4.7
Amino acids, peptides and proteins
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
LINKS to all my notes on amino acids, peptides, polypeptides and types
of proteins
Amino acids - molecular
structure, preparation and reactions - two functional group
Some
notes on amino acids-proteins-polypeptides-enzymes
4.8
Organic synthesis and analysis
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
Index of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1H NMR spectra of organic
compounds
SIMPLE introductory
NMR problem solving with % composition and infra-red absorption data
chromatography (paper/thin layer)
Organic Chemistry Notes
- An introduction to polymer structure addition and condensation polymers
The manufacture, molecular structure, properties and uses of
polyesters
Amides
- molecular structure, physical properties, preparations, reactions, brief mention of
polyamides
The structure, properties and uses of
polyesters and polyamides involving aromatic monomers
Industrial Chemistry Notes
includes section on glc gas-liquid chromatography (section 6.)
Using
moles to deduce empirical/molecular formula of a compound/molecule starting with
reacting masses or % composition by mass
Structured Question worksheet on Acid-Base volumetric titration calculations
- determining molecular mass of an acids (answers)
Questions 15 and 16 relevant
Calculations
section 6. Reacting masses of reactants and products and actual percent %
yield,
theoretical yield and atom economy
Calculations
section 14. % actual and theoretical yield, how much
of reactants are needed?
(sub-index near top of page)
A2 Unit 5 Practical
(WJEC A2 A
level chemistry)
Doc Brown's
Advanced Level Chemistry 
WJEC AS
chemistry
