|
NOTE: Where an aspect of
the specification is only needed for A2, A2 will be indicated, otherwise
the topic will be needed for both AS and A2 (AS content is needed for
the synoptic aspect of A2)
INDEX of syllabus-specification
section links for CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
LINKS FOR THE LATEST COURSE CIE
AS/A level chemistry course
(A2 links
UNDER DEVELOPMENT June 2022)
Physical chemistry
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
(1)
Atomic structure
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Revision notes on all you need to know on ATOMIC
STRUCTURE for advanced level
Electronic Structure
Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1
to 56), ions and the
Periodic Table
Spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, evidence of quantum levels, ionisation
energy patterns
(2)
Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
AS/A chemical calculations sections 1 to 18 indexed
examples, notes and short tests
(3)
Chemical bonding
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Chemical bonding
Why is knowledge of chemical bonding & structure so important?
Introduction to chemical bonding - why? how? and
patterns
Ionic Bonding: compounds and properties
Covalent Bonding: small molecules & properties
Giant covalent structures and other big
molecules
Metallic Bonding – structure and properties of metals
Electronegativity, bond polarity, type of chemical
bonding
More on ionic
structures and ionic bonding
(Working out
electron configurations for atoms and ions)
More on
covalent bonding - single, double & triple bond length & strength, dative bonds
Types of
Crystal Structure and their relative physical properties
Introduction to intermolecular forces -
intermolecular bonding
Case studies of
boiling points related to intermolecular forces for a variety of compounds
Evidence & theory for hydrogen bonding in
covalent hydrides, importance in other
molecules
(4)
States of matter
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
States
of Matter Part 1: gas-liquid-solid BASIC revision notes
States of Matter
Part 2: More
advanced topics on the Ideal Gas Laws, p-V-T
States of
Matter Part 3: PV=nRT calculations, kinetic particle model-theory and ideal gas behaviour
For bonding and crystal structures see section (3) links
Giant covalent structures and other big
molecules
(5)
Chemical energetics
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic
reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry
experiments and resulting data
Enthalpy changes - thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments -
Enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and bond dissociation
are explained with exemplar calculations
Thermochemistry - Hess's Law and Enthalpy
Calculations - reaction, combustion, formation etc.
Bond Enthalpy Calculations
Experimental methods
for determining enthalpy changes and treatment of results
Some enthalpy data patterns
The combustion of linear alkanes and linear
aliphatic alcohols
Some patterns in Bond
Enthalpies and Bond Length
Enthalpies of
Neutralisation
Enthalpies of
Hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons and evidence of aromatic
ring structure in benzene
A set of
structured practice Enthalpy
Questions
Fully
worked out ANSWERS to
the
ΔH enthalpy Q's above
(6)
Electrochemistry
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Revision notes on Inorganic and organic REDOX reactions, oxidation state explained etc. (sub-indexes of sections)
1.
Basic redox definitions
2.
Introducing oxidation state (with sub–index)
3.
Oxidation state rules–guidelines & inorganic examples
4.
Naming
inorganic compounds
5.
Using oxidation states to describe
redox changes in inorganic reactions (with sub–index)
6.
Constructing full inorganic redox
equations from half–equations (with sub–index)
(7)
Equilibria
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Starter GCSE
Notes-reversible reactions-equilibrium
Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
Kc and Kp equilibrium expressions and
calculations
Equilibrium and
industrial processes
Equilibria:
Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theories
Self-ionisation of water and pH scale
Strong acids - examples
(calculations only for A level 2nd year)
Weak acids - examples
(calculations only for A level 2nd year)
Strong bases - examples
(calculations only for A level 2nd year)
Weak bases - examples
(calculations only for A level 2nd year)
Acid-base indicator theory, pH curves and
titrations
(8)
Reaction kinetics
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
GCSE
notes for the basics of rates of reactions
(kinetics!)
See also
computer
simulation of Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies
The
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular kinetic energies (relate
temperature & catalyst factors)
Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalysis mechanisms
Inorganic chemistry
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Periodicity graphs for
elements Z = 1 to 20. Period 1 to start of Period 4
Periodicity
graph for elements Z = 1 to 38. Period 1 to start
of Period 5
Periodicity
graph for elements Z
= 1 to 96. Period 1 to
start of Period 7
(9)
The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Part
5.1 Survey of Period 3: sodium Na to argon Ar
(3 pages)
5.2
Period 3 trends & explanations of physical properties
5.3
Period 3 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and
reactions
(10)
Group 2
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
s-block elements
Part 7 s-block Group 1 Alkali
Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals 7.1
Introduction
Group 1
Alkali Metals - data and graphs
Group 2
Alkaline Earth Metals - data and graphs
Group 1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals - General trends down the group and formulae
Group 1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals - Oxygen reaction & oxides
Group 1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals - Water reaction & hydroxides
Group 1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals - Acid reaction & salts
Group 1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals - Chlorine
reaction - halides
Group 1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals - Carbonates & hydrogen carbonates
Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals - Solubility trends of OH, NO3, SO4,
CO3
(11)
Group 17
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Halogen elements
(also p-block elements)
Group 17 The Halogens
Group 17 Halogens -
Introduction, trends
& Group 7/17 data
Group 17 Halogens - Halogen displacement
reaction and reactivity trend
Group 17 Halogens - Reactions of
halogens with other elements
Group 17 Halogens - Reaction between halide salts and conc.
sulfuric acid
Group 17 Halogens - Tests for halogens and halide ions
Group 17 Halogens - Extraction of halogens from natural sources
Group 17 Halogens - Uses of halogens & compounds
Group 17 Halogens - Oxidation & Reduction - more on redox reactions
of halogens & halide ions
Group 17 Halogens - Volumetric
analysis - titrations of chloride ions/iodine with silver nitrate/sodium
thiosulfate
Group 17 Halogens - Ozone, CFC's and halogen organic chemistry
links
Group 17 Halogens - Chemical bonding in halogen
compounds
Group 17 Halogens - Miscellaneous aspects of
halogen chemistry
(12)
Nitrogen and sulfur
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Group 15 Introduction :
Nitrogen compounds chemistry
Group 16 Introduction :
Sulfur compounds chemistry
Fossil fuel air pollution -
incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide & soot particulates
Greenhouse
effect, global warming, climate change,
carbon footprint from fossil fuel burning
Fossil fuel air pollution - effects of sulfur oxides
and nitrogen oxides
Organic chemistry
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
(13)
An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
An
Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained
Revision notes on molecule shapes - section added on the bond angles of organic molecules
Lots and lots of examples of naming and different ways of
representing organic molecules
The Molecular Structure and
Nomenclature of Alkanes
Revision notes on the structure and naming
of ALKENES (including cyclo- and many isomers
Molecular Structure and
Nomenclature of Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
Revision notes on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS, ETHERS including isomers
Revision notes on the Structure and
Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones
Structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES,
including nomenclature of isomers
INDEX of isomerism
& stereochemistry of organic compounds
notes
General introduction and definition
of isomerism, structural isomerism - chain, positional, functional
group and tautomerism types of isomerism
STEREOISOMERISM general definition, E/Z (geometric/geometrical
cis/trans) isomerism
Stereoisomerism - R/S Optical
Isomerism examples and chiral auxiliary synthesis
(14)
Hydrocarbons
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
The chemistry of ALKANES and the petrochemical
industry
revision notes INDEX
The Molecular Structure and Nomenclature of Alkanes
Fractional distillation of crude
oil and uses of products
Modification of alkanes by
cracking, isomerisation and reforming
Complete and incomplete
combustion of alkanes and environmental pollution
Modification of hydrocarbon fuel mixtures, alternative fuels
and global warming
Chlorination and bromination of
alkanes, reaction mechanisms and uses of products
Free radical
chlorination/bromination to give halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes,
alkyl halides)
Combined
multiple choice and type in name quiz on the structure
and naming of alkanes
Matching pair quiz on hydrocarbon structure
(15)
Halogen compounds
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on
HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
Molecular Structure and Nomenclature of
Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
Laboratory synthesis & industrial manufacture of halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes) from alcohols, alkanes, alkenes
Reactivity trends of halogenoalkanes - introduction to their nucleophilic
substitution reactions, the substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
& water, experiments with silver nitrate solution
The
substitution reaction of halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) with sodium/potassium hydroxide to
give alcohols
The
nucleophilic substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) and potassium cyanide
and hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids
The
substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) and ammonia and amines
forming primary, secondary and tertiary amines
The elimination reactions of
halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) with potassium hydroxide to give alkenes
Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion
[SN1 or SN2, hydrolysis to
give alcohols]
with extra notes on
kinetics, rds, molecularity, rate expression, activated complex etc.
Nucleophilic
substitution by cyanide ion to give a nitrile
[SN1 or SN2]
Nucleophilic
substitution by ammonia/primary amine to give primary/secondary
amines etc.
[SN1 or SN2]
(16)
Hydroxy compounds
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
INDEX of all revision notes on
ALCOHOLS (and mention of ethers)
Revision notes on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of aliphatic
ALCOHOLS including isomeric ethers
The laboratory synthesis and manufacture of
alcohols
Physical properties
(boiling points, solubility) and intermolecular forces
Combustion of alcohols,
enthalpies of combustion and use as fuels
Controlled oxidation
of alcohols with selected oxidising
agents
Miscellaneous reactions with: (1) metallic sodium, (2) acid
chlorides, (iii) carboxylic acids
Halogenation with hydrogen halides: Conversion of
alcohols to
halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
Chemical tests for alcohols
Examples of uses
of alcohols
(17)
Carbonyl compounds
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on ALDEHYDES and KETONES
Revision notes on the
Structure and Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones
Physical properties of aldehydes and
ketones and intermolecular bonding forces
Methods of preparing aldehydes and
ketones
The structure and reactivity of
aldehydes and ketones and nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide
(also includes the hydrolysis of the
resulting nitriles to carboxylic acids)
The reduction of aldehydes and
ketones with NaBH4
and LiAlH4 and
reduction of nitriles
Examples of addition - elimination
condensation reactions of aldehydes and ketones including with
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine for identification
The oxidation of aldehydes and
ketones, link with chemical tests and the iodoform reaction
The uses of aldehydes and ketones
and their occurrence in nature
(18)
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES,
including nomenclature of isomers
Structure & naming of
carboxylic acids and derivatives
Physical properties of
carboxylic acids - trends discussed & explained (mpts, bpts,
solubility, odours!)
Synthetic routes & methods of preparing
carboxylic acids
The weakly acidic nature and general reactions of carboxylic acids acting as
acids
Selective reduction of carboxylic acids - use of products in
organic synthesis
Esters
- preparation, reactions including hydrolysis and
transesterification
(19)
Nitrogen compounds
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
INDEX of all ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUND chemistry pages
Methods of synthesising amines
(aliphatic and aromatic), includes reaction of amines with halogenoalkanes
The chemistry of NITRILES - molecular
structure, preparations and reactions
(20)
Polymerisation
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Introduction to addition polymers: poly(ethene), poly(propene), polystyrene, PVC,
PTFE - structure, uses
More on the
uses of plastics, issues with using plastics, solutions and recycling
methods
Polymerisation of alkenes to addition polymers - structure, properties, uses of
poly(alkene) polymers
(21)
Organic synthesis
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
All the synthetic routes you need to
know about are based on the functional group chemistry of sections (14)
to (19)
Analysis
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
(22)
Analytical techniques
(CIE 9701 AS and A level chemistry)
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction
Index of infrared spectroscopy notes - analysis of infrared spectra
of organic compounds
Introduction to mass
spectrometry
Index of mass spectroscopy notes -
examples of mass spectrometry of organic
compounds
Physical chemistry
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
(23)
Chemical energetics
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
ΔH Enthalpies of
ion hydration, solution, atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity
and the Born-Haber cycle
What happens when a
salt dissolves in water and why?
Enthalpy
cycles involving a salt dissolving
The
Born-Haber Cycle
Introduction to Entropy
Examples of
entropy values and comments
ΔS, Entropy
and change of state
ΔS, Entropy changes and the
feasibility of a chemical change
More on ΔG, Free energy changes, feasibility and
applications
Calculating equilibrium
constants from free energy change
Kinetic stability versus thermodynamic
feasibility
(24)
Electrochemistry
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
Index of notes on
Electrochemistry - electrolysis and battery-cells
Electrolysis products calculations (negative cathode and positive anode
products)
Redox equilibria, half-cell
reactions and electrode potentials
Simple cells notation and construction
The hydrogen electrode and standard conditions
Half-cell potentials, Electrochemical Series and using Eθcell for reaction feasibility
Electrochemical cells ('batteries') and fuel cell systems
Electrolysis
and the electrochemical series
Exemplar Questions, Appendix
1. The Nernst Equation, Appendix 2 Free Energy, Cell Emf
(25)
Equilibria
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
Simple Introduction to Acid-Base Theory and Weak and Strong
Acids
Equilibria:
Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theories
Self-ionisation of water and pH scale
Strong acids - examples and pH calculations
Weak acids - examples & pH, Ka and pKa calculations
Strong bases - examples and pH calculations
Weak bases - examples and pH, Kb and pKb calculations
Basic notes and equations on acids, bases, salts,
uses of
acid-base titrations - upgrade from GCSE!
Buffers - definition, formulation
and action
Buffer calculations
Case studies
of buffer function
Partition
equilibrium between two phases, partition coefficient, immiscible liquids and
solvent extraction
Solubility product Ksp
& common ion effect
(26)
Reaction kinetics
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy, homogeneous catalysts
and heterogeneous
catalysts, obtaining data, rate expressions and orders of reaction,
deducing orders of reaction
See also
computer
simulation of Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes:
Selected case studies of kinetics and rate expressions and calculations, deriving the activation energy Ea from kinetics-rates data
and
Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability
Obtaining rate data,
interpreting data, deducing orders of reaction and rate expressions
Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalysis mechanisms
Inorganic chemistry
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
(27)
Group 2
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals - Thermal
decomposition and stability of carbonates & nitrates
Enthalpy
cycles involving a salt dissolving
(28)
Chemistry of transition elements
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
3d block
and TRANSITION METALS:
Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals and
Data
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Vanadium
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Chromium
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Manganese
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Iron
Chemistry
of 3d block transition metals - Cobalt
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Nickel
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Copper
3d block Transition Metals - Complexes
& ligands
3d block Transition Metals - Complexes and isomerism
3d block Transition Metals - Electron configuration & colour theory
3d block Transition Metals - Redox
equations, feasibility, Eø
3d block Transition Metals - Catalysis
3d block Transition Metals - Redox
equations
3d block Transition Metals - Stability Constants and entropy
changes
3d block Transition Metals - Colorimetric analysis
and complex ion formula
Some 3d-block transition
metal complexes, oxidation states
& electrode potentials
Organic chemistry
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
(29)
An introduction to A Level organic chemistry
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
An
Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained
shapes and bond
angles of organic molecules
STEREOISOMERISM general definition
Stereoisomerism - R/S Optical
Isomerism examples and chiral auxiliary synthesis
(30)
Hydrocarbons
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
INDEX of all AROMATIC COMPOUND chemistry
revision notes
The Structure
& Naming of Aromatic Compounds,
including nomenclature of isomers
Proof of the structure of benzene, aromaticity
and electrophilic reactivity in arenes
Sources and synthesis of arenes and physical properties of arene aromatic
hydrocarbons
Electrophilic substitution -
nitration of benzene and methylbenzene, properties and uses of
nitro-aromatics
Electrophilic substitution - ring
halogenation of benzene & methylbenzene, properties & uses of aryl
halides
Electrophilic substitution -
acylation of arenes, properties & uses of
aromatic ketones and aromatic aldehydes
Nitration to give
nitro-aromatics like nitrobenzene (mechanisms)
Chlorination to
chloro-aromatics like chlorobenzene (mechanisms)
Alkylation to give
alkyl-aromatics like methylbenzene
[Friedel-Crafts reaction] (mechanisms)
Acylation to give aromatic
ketones
[Friedel-Crafts reaction] (mechanisms)
The structure, properties and uses of
polyesters and polyamides involving aromatic monomers
Examples of aromatic compounds from the
pharmaceutical industry and those found in natural
products
The orientation of products
on putting a 2nd substituent into a monosubstituted benzene derivative
(31)
Halogen compounds
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
Electrophilic substitution - ring
halogenation of benzene & methylbenzene, properties & uses of aryl
halides
(32)
Hydroxy compounds
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
The physical and chemical
properties of phenol and some of its derivatives and their uses
Preparation & reactions of acid chlorides with water, alcohols,
ammonia, amines & mechanisms
(33)
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
INDEX of all revision notes on
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
The physical and chemical
properties of benzoic acid and selected derivatives
Preparation & reactions of acid chlorides with water, alcohols,
ammonia, amines & mechanisms
(34)
Nitrogen compounds
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
INDEX of all ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUND chemistry pages
Methods of synthesising amines
(aliphatic and aromatic), includes reaction of amines with halogenoalkanes
Acid-base chemistry of aliphatic
amines, their comparative strength as bases and reactions with acids
Physical & chemical
properties of phenylamine, selected derivatives including diazonium
ions and dyes
The
chemistry of amides e.g. reaction with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides,
polyamides - formation, structure, properties and uses
Amino acids - molecular
structure, preparation and reactions - two functional group
chemistries
(35)
Polymerisation
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
The manufacture, molecular structure, properties and uses of
polyesters
Amides
chemistry - a mention of
polyamides
The structure, properties and uses of
polyesters and polyamides involving aromatic monomers
The
chemistry of amides including Nylon formation, structure, properties and uses
The
polymerisation of alkenes to
form addition polymers - structure, properties, uses of
poly(alkene) polymers
(36)
Organic synthesis
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
All the synthetic routes you need to
know about are based on the functional group chemistry of sections (14)
to (19) and (30) to (34)
Analysis
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
(37)
Analytical techniques
(CIE 9701 A level chemistry only)
Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
chromatography (paper/thin layer)
gas
chromatography
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction
Index of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1H NMR spectra of organic
compounds
Index of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
13C NMR spectra of organic
compounds
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes
LINKS FOR THE
OLD COURSE
1-8 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
1. ATOMS,
MOLECULES and STOICHIOMETRY
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
3. CHEMICAL
BONDING
4.
STATES OF MATTER
5. CHEMICAL ENERGETICS
6.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
7. EQUILIBRIA
8. REACTION KINETICS
9 INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
9.1 THE PERIODIC
TABLE: CHEMICAL PERIODICITY 9.2 GROUP II
9.3 GROUP IV
9.4 GROUP VII
9.5 AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
9.6 NITROGEN AND
SULPHUR
10
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
10.1 INTRODUCTORY
TOPICS
10.2
HYDROCARBONS
10.3 HALOGEN
DERIVATIVES
10.4 HYDROXY
COMPOUNDS
10.5
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
10.6 CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES
10.7 NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS
10.8
POLYMERISATION
11
APPLICATIONS OF CHEMISTRY
11.1 THE CHEMISTRY
OF LIFE
11.2
APPLICATIONS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
11.3 DESIGN AND
MATERIALS
1-8 PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
Some general physical-theoretical
chemistry links
Advanced Level PHYSICAL-THEORETICAL REVISION
STUDY NOTES
1. ATOMS, MOLECULES and STOICHIOMETRY CIE 9701 GCE A
Level Chemistry
-
  Atomic Structure Notes
-
Introduction to mass spectroscopy of the elements, isotopes & relative
atomic mass
-
Chemical Calculations index - 1. to 16. sections of explanation-examples and
quizzes built into the notes, designed up to higher GCSE and basic AS
calculations
-
section 1. relative atomic mass
-
section 2. formula mass
-
section 3. simple reacting mass calculations
-
section 4. % composition by mass of a compound
-
section 5. empirical formula
-
section 6. on reacting mass and % &
theoretical yield
-
section
7. introducing moles
-
section 8. Using
moles to deduce empirical/molecular formula of a compound/molecule
-
section 9. moles and
molar gas volume
-
section 10. Reacting gas volume
ratios
-
section 11. making up solutions,
concentration & molarity
-
section 12. acid-alkali titration calculations
- apparatus/analysis
-
Structured Question worksheet including Acid-Base volumetric titration calculations (answers)
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Atomic Structure Notes
- the structure of atoms, isotopes, nuclear structure notation,
'simple' electronic structure and the Periodic Table and mass spectrometry
for isotope analysis and calculation of relative atomic mass (Ar)
-
GCSE
multiple choice quiz on Atomic
structure, isotopes & 'simple' electronic structure of atoms
-
Electronic Structure, Hydrogen Spectrum Ionisation Energies
-
Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1
to 56), ions and the
Periodic Table
-
Spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, evidence of quantum
levels, ionisation energy
patterns
-
Important trends down Groups including
ionisation energy
-
Period 2 trends & explanations of
physical properties including ionisation energy
-
Period 3 trends & explanations of physical properties including
ionisation energy
-
Period 4 trends in physical properties
including ionisation energy
3. CHEMICAL BONDING CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Introduction to BONDING
-
Revision notes on the basics of Ionic BONDING
-
Revision notes on the basics of
Covalent BONDING and small molecules
-
Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and giant structures
-
Revision notes on the basics of
Metallic BONDING
-
Revision notes on shapes
and bond angles of simple molecules (VSEPR), ions, transition metal complexes and a section on
shape and bond angles in
organic molecules
-
Introduction
to Intermolecular Forces
-
Case studies of boiling points related to intermolecular forces
-
Evidence and theory
for hydrogen bonding in simple covalent hydrides
4. STATES OF MATTER CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
States
of Matter: gas-liquid-solid revision notes
-
States of Matter
Part II More
advanced topics on the Ideal Gas Laws, p-V-T and PV=nRT calculations, kinetic particle model-theory and ideal and non-ideal real gas behaviour
-
Revision notes on the basics of Ionic BONDING
-
Revision notes on the basics of
Covalent BONDING and small molecules
-
Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and giant structures
-
Revision notes on the basics of
Metallic BONDING
5. CHEMICAL ENERGETICS CIE 9701 GCE A Level
Chemistry
-
Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic
reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry
experiments and resulting data
-
GCSE Multiple choice quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
-
Thermodynamics Part 1: Thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments -
Enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and bond dissociation
are explained with exemplar calculations
- several linked pages
-
 Enthalpy and Bond Energy Calculation
Questions (answers)
-
A2
A Level Thermodynamics Part 2 ΔH Enthalpies of
ion hydration, solution, atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity
and the Born-Haber cycle
- several linked pages
-
A2
Thermodynamics Part
3 ΔS Entropy and ΔG Free Energy Changes
- several linked pages
6. ELECTROCHEMISTRY CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Revision notes on Inorganic redox reactions
- Part 1 electronegativity, explaining oxidation and reduction reactions and oxidation
state/oxidation number changes
-
Group 7 The Halogens Notes
- includes electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride/brine
and the uses of the products - chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.
Alphabetical keyword-phrase list at top of page.
-
Extra notes on
Electrochemistry - an introduction to electrolysis, theory, electrolysis cells,
industrial electrolysis process links summary, experimental methods for
electrolysis, electrode equations
-
The Mining of Minerals and the Extraction of Metals
- the extraction of aluminium, copper - electrolysis purification)
(use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)
-
A2
Redox equilibria, half-cell
reactions and electrode potentials
-
A2
Simple cells notation and construction
-
A2
The hydrogen electrode and standard conditions
-
A2
Half-cell potentials, Electrochemical Series and using Eθcell for reaction feasibility
-
A2
section 13. electrolysis calculations
7. EQUILIBRIA CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Starter GCSE
Notes-reversible reactions-equilibrium, ammonia synthesis
-
Advanced
Chemistry Equilibria Part 1. Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
-
Equilibria
Part 2 Kc and Kp equilibrium expressions and
calculations
-
Equilibria Part 3
equilibrium and industrial processes
-
Solubility product Ksp
& common ion effect
-
Equilibria:
Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theories
-
A2
Self-ionisation of water and pH scale
-
Strong acids - examples and pH calculations
-
Weak acids - examples & pH, Ka and pKa calculations
-
A2
Strong bases - examples and pH calculations
-
A2
weak bases - examples and pH, Kb and pKb calculations
-
A2
Basic notes and equations on acids, bases, salts,
uses of
acid-base titrations - upgrade from GCSE!
-
A2
Equilibria - Salt hydrolysis
-
A2
Acid-base indicator theory, pH curves and
titrations
-
A2
Buffers - definition, formulation
and action
-
A2
Buffer calculations
-
A2
Case studies
of buffer function
8. REACTION KINETICS CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Notes for the basics of rates of reactions
-
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy, homogeneous catalysts & heterogeneous
catalyst
-
A2
obtaining data, rate expressions and orders of reaction,
deducing orders of reaction
-
A2
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes:
Selected case studies of kinetics and rate expressions and calculations, deriving the activation energy Ea from kinetics-rates data
and
Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability
9 INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
Some general inorganic chemistry links
Advanced Level INORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVISION
STUDY NOTES
-
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS:
Chemical
Identity Tests - Gives descriptions of lots of tests for gases, ions
- cations and anions, organic functional groups/homologous series etc.
(use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)
9.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE: CHEMICAL PERIODICITY CIE
9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Periodic Table Notes Part 11: Compiled
tables of data on Groups 1-7,0 and 3d-block-Transition Metals
-
Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part
4 "Survey
of Period 2 Elements and Trends"
(3 linked pages)
-
Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part
5 "Survey
of Period 3 Elements and Trends"
(3 linked pages)
-
Periodicity graphs for
elements Z = 1 to 20 Period 1 to start of Period 4
-
Periodicity
graph for elements Z = 1 to 38 Period 1 to start
of Period 5
-
Periodicity
graph for elements Z
= 1 to 96 Period 1 to
start of Period 7
-
Summary
notes of Inorganic Chemical tests for gases, ions - anions or cations (use alphabetical index
at top of page)
9.2 GROUP II CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 7 Group 1 Alkali
Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals - detailed revision notes
-
 Multiple choice Quiz on Group 1 Alkali Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals (easy
start!)
9.3 GROUP IV CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
A2 Group
4/14 Introduction : Carbon :
Silicon :
Semi-metals like Ge
9.4 GROUP VII CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
Part 9
Group 7/17 The Halogens
9.1
Introduction, trends
& Group 7/17 data * 9.2 Halogen displacement
reaction and reactivity trend * 9.3
Reactions of
halogens with other elements * 9.4
Reaction between halide salts and conc.
sulfuric acid *
9.5 Tests for halogens and halide ions *
9.6 Extraction of halogens from natural sources
* 9.7 Uses of halogens & compounds * 9.8
Oxidation & Reduction - more on redox reactions
of halogens & halide ions * 9.9
Volumetric
analysis - titrations involving halogens or halide ions * 9.10
Ozone, CFC's and halogen organic chemistry
links * 9.11 Chemical bonding in halogen
compounds * 9.12
Miscellaneous aspects of
halogen chemistry
9.5 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION
ELEMENTS CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
-
The Transition
Metals and Uses of other metals - chemical and physical properties of them, uses of iron, copper,
chromium etc., and a section on the uses and applications of other
non-transition metals like aluminium.
-
Periodic Table Notes Part 11: Compiled
tables of data on Groups 1-7,0 and 3d-block-Transition Metals
-
A2
INORGANIC Part 10 3d block TRANSITION METALS sub-index: 10.1-10.2
Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals * 10.3
Scandium
* 10.4 Titanium * 10.5
Vanadium * 10.6
Chromium
* 10.7 Manganese * 10.8
Iron * 10.9
Cobalt
* 10.10 Nickel
* 10.11 Copper * 10.12
Zinc
* 10.13
Other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt
-
A2
TRANSITION METALS continued: Appendix 1.
Hydrated salts, acidity of
hexa-aqua ions * Appendix 2. Complexes
& ligands * Appendix 3. Complexes and isomerism * Appendix 4.
Electron configuration & colour theory * Appendix 5. Redox
equations, feasibility, Eø * Appendix 6.
Catalysis * Appendix 7.
Redox
equations
* Appendix 8. Stability Constants and entropy
changes *
Appendix 9. Colorimetric analysis
and complex ion formula * Appendix 10
3d block - extended data
* Appendix 11 Some 3d-block compounds, complexes, oxidation states
& electrode potential chart * Appendix 12
Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures',
formulae and equations
-
A2
Equilibrium Part 7 Redox equilibria, half-cell electrode potentials,
predicting feasibility of a reaction
9.6 NITROGEN AND SULPHUR CIE 9701 GCE A Level
Chemistry
-
Group 5/15 Introduction :
Nitrogen :
Phosphorus * 8.4
Group 6/16 Introduction :
Oxygen :
Sulfur
-
GCSE notes on Oil and useful
products - section on fossil fuels and environmental problems
like acid rain
10 ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
Some general organic chemistry links
Advanced Level
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVISION
STUDY NOTES
-
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS:
Chemical
Identity Tests - Gives descriptions of lots of tests for gases, ions
- cations and anions, organic functional groups/homologous series etc.
(use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)
-
Organic chemistry nomenclature quizzes
10.1 INTRODUCTORY TOPICS CIE 9701 GCE A Level
Chemistry
-
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
-
Tests for organic
functional groups notes (use alphabetical index)
-
General test on type of Organic Molecule Recognition based on examples of structure and
recognition of functional groups, including isomers, so the quiz is mainly
on recognition of types of molecules and their structural features and
classification
-
Revision notes on the
structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKANES (and
cycloalkanes) notes, including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple
choice
Quiz on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of alkanes
-
Type
in name Quiz on the structure & naming of ALKANES (and
nomenclature of cycloalkanes)
-
Revision notes on the structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKENES (and
cycloalkanes) notes, including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz on the Structure and naming
(nomenclature) of ALKENES
-
Type in name Quiz on the
nomenclature of ALKENES
-
Revision notes on the structure and naming of HALOGENOALKANES
(haloalkanes notes parts 1-3), including nomenclature of many isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of
HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
-
Type in name Quiz on the
nomenclature of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
-
Revision notes on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of aliphatic
ALCOHOLS including isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz on
the structure and naming (nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS
-
Type in name Quiz on the
nomenclature of aliphatic ALCOHOLS
-
Revision notes on the
Structure and Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones, including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple choice on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of Aldehydes and Ketones
-
Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
-
Revision notes on the
structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES,
including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz
on the Structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & DERIVATIVES
-
Type in name Quiz on
the nomenclature of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & DERIVATIVES AS
need acids and esters, BUT acyl chlorides only needed for A2
-
Matching pair Quiz on aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acid and ester structure
(drag
and drop/printout version)
-
Combined matching
pair Exercises on organic molecular structure
-
ALIPHATIC ORGANIC STRUCTURE and NOMENCLATURE BUMPER
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ
-
Type in name ALIPHATIC ORGANIC
NOMENCLATURE BUMPER QUIZ - on most of aliphatic nomenclature based on 6
combined quizzes:
alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids and derivatives (amides, acid chlorides, esters etc.)
-
A2
Revision notes on the Structure, Classification and Naming of
Organic Nitrogen Compounds,
including nomenclature of isomers
AS only need to know primary
amines and nitriles
-
A2
Multiple choice quiz on the Classification, Structure
and Naming (nomenclature) of Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
-
A2
Type in
name Quiz on the nomenclature of Organic
Compounds containing Nitrogen
-
MECHANISM
Introduction
and terms used in organic chemistry (on the mechanism pages the
type of reaction, basic reaction equations and conditions are quoted which may act as a
suitable reference, also a reaction index)
-
Revision notes on shapes
and bond angles of simple molecules (VSEPR) including a section on
shape and bond angles in
organic molecules
-
ISOMERISM general introduction-definition
-
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM general
definition
-
Chain isomerism
-
Positional isomerism
-
Functional group
isomerism
-
STEREOISOMERISM introduction
-
E/Z isomerism (Geometric/Geometrical
cis/trans Isomerism)
-
R/S Optical
Isomerism and chiral auxiliary synthesis
-
Spotting optical isomers Q
10.2 HYDROCARBONS CIE 9701 GCE A Level Chemistry
The chemistry of ALKANES and the petrochemical
industry
revision notes INDEX
Index of
ALL advanced level revision notes on ALKENES
INDEX of all AROMATIC COMPOUND chemistry
revision notes
-
GCSE notes on Oil and useful
products - The hydrocarbons from oil and their uses
e.g. fuels,
polymers/plastics, fossil fuels and environmental problems etc. See also
Alternative and Fossil Fuel
Survey
and
Global
warming discussion
page.
-
MECHANISM
Introduction
and terms used in organic chemistry (on the mechanism pages the
type of reaction, basic reaction equations and conditions are quoted which may act as a
suitable reference, also a reaction index)
-
Mechanism
of the free radical
chlorination/bromination of alkanes
-
Mechanism
of the free radical thermal cracking
of alkanes
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic addition of
hydrogen bromide to alkenes
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic addition of bromine
to alkenes
with pure
bromine
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic addition of
sulphuric acid to alkenes
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic
addition of water to alkenes
[acid catalyst]
-
Mechanism
of free radical polymerisation
of alkenes to form a polymer
-
A2
MECHANISMS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
- introduction to arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms
-
A2
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene introduction to electrophilic substitution and nitration
-
A2
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution chlorination
(similar for bromine, just swap Cl with Br)
-
A2
Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms - the orientation of products
in aromatic substitution
Alkanes and Petrochemical Industry INDEX
The Molecular Structure and Nomenclature of Alkanes
Fractional distillation of crude
oil and uses of products
Modification of alkanes by
cracking, isomerisation and reforming
Complete and incomplete
combustion of alkanes and environmental pollution
Modification of hydrocarbon fuel
mixtures and alternative fuels
Chlorination and bromination of
alkanes, reaction mechanisms and uses of products
10.3 HALOGEN DERIVATIVES CIE 9701 GCE A Level
Chemistry
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
-
Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes/alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by
water/hydroxide ion hydrolysis to alcohol
-
Mechanism:
Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic
substitution by cyanide ion
to make a nitrile
-
Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic
substitution by ammonia to make a primary amine
-
Mechanism:
Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Elimination of
hydrogen bromide
10.4 HYDROXY COMPOUNDS CIE 9701 GCE A Level
Chemistry
INDEX of all revision notes on
ALCOHOLS (and mention of ethers)
-
Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes -
section on alcohols - ethanol
Use sub-index and keyword list at top of page.
-
Revision notes on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of aliphatic
ALCOHOLS, isomers and classification into prim, secondary and tertiary alcohols
-
Tests for organic
functional groups notes (use alphabetical index)
-
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols, reduction of aldehydes &
ketones (use top summary table index)
-
Mechanism: Alcohols
- conversion to halogenoalkane
-
Mechanism: Alcohols
- elimination of water to make an alkene [acid catalysed dehydration]
10.5 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS CIE 9701 GCE A Level
Chemistry
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on ALDEHYDES and KETONES
-
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes (use top summary table index)
-
Mechanism: Carbonyl
compounds - aldehydes/ketones nucleophilic addition of
hydrogen cyanide to give a hydroxynitrile
-
Tests for organic
functional groups notes (use alphabetical index for homologous series,
reagents etc.)
10.6 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES CIE 9701 GCE
A Level Chemistry
-
Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes -
section on carboxylic acids
Use sub-index and keyword list at top of page.
-
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols, reduction of aldehydes &
ketones, carboxylic acids, nitro-aromatic compounds (arenes) and
nitriles (use top summary table index)
-
A2
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - hydrolysis with water
to give a carboxylic acid
-
A2
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - esterification with alcohols
-
A2
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - amide formation with ammonia
or primary amines
10.7 NITROGEN COMPOUNDS CIE 9701 GCE A Level
Chemistry
INDEX of all ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUND chemistry pages
-
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including reduction of nitro-aromatic compounds (nitro-arenes) and
nitriles (use top summary table index)
-
A2
Other organic stereochemistry
including
amino acids-proteins-polypeptides-enzymes
-
A2
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - amide formation with ammonia
or primary amines
10.8 POLYMERISATION
-
Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes -
section on polymers
Use sub-index and keyword list at top of page.
-
GCSE notes on Oil and useful
products - section on polymers/plastics,
|
All My synthetic
polymer-plastics revision notes pages
Introduction to addition polymers: poly(ethene), poly(propene), polystyrene, PVC,
PTFE - structure, uses
More on the
uses of plastics, issues with using plastics, solutions and recycling
methods
Introducing condensation polymers: Nylon, Terylene/PET,
comparing thermoplastics, fibres, thermosets
Extra
notes for more advanced level organic chemistry students
Polymerisation of alkenes to addition polymers - structure, properties, uses of
poly(alkene) polymers
The manufacture, molecular structure, properties and uses of
polyesters
Amides
chemistry - a mention of
polyamides
The structure, properties and uses of
polyesters and polyamides involving aromatic monomers
The
chemistry of amides including Nylon formation, structure, properties and uses
Stereoregular polymers -
isotactic/atactic/syndiotactic poly(propene) - use of Ziegler-Natta
catalysts and note that
polypeptides are also polyamides |
11
APPLICATIONS OF CHEMISTRY
11.1 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
-
A2
Other organic stereochemistry
including
amino acids-proteins-polypeptides-enzymes
-
A2
Extra GCSE Industrial Chemistry Notes
-
section on enzymes.
(use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)
11.2 APPLICATIONS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
-
A2
NMR problem solving simple ones!)
-
A2
Equilibria Part 4 Partition
and solvent extraction,
solubility product and ion-exchange
-
A2
Methods of separating mixtures including chromatography (use index at
top)
-
A2
Extra GCSE Industrial Chemistry Notes
-
brief notes on emission
spectroscopy and glc gas-liquid chromatography
(use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)
11.3 DESIGN AND MATERIALS
|
All My synthetic
polymer-plastics revision notes pages
Introduction to addition polymers: poly(ethene), poly(propene), polystyrene, PVC,
PTFE - structure, uses
More on the
uses of plastics, issues with using plastics, solutions and recycling
methods
Introducing condensation polymers: Nylon, Terylene/PET,
comparing thermoplastics, fibres, thermosets
Extra
notes for more advanced level organic chemistry students
Polymerisation of alkenes to addition polymers - structure, properties, uses of
poly(alkene) polymers
The manufacture, molecular structure, properties and uses of
polyesters
Amides
chemistry - a mention of
polyamides
The structure, properties and uses of
polyesters and polyamides involving aromatic monomers
The
chemistry of amides including Nylon formation, structure, properties and uses
Stereoregular polymers -
isotactic/atactic/syndiotactic poly(propene) - use of Ziegler-Natta
catalysts and note that
polypeptides are also polyamides |
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