CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA and associated topics NOTES INDEX

Revising Advanced A Level Chemistry   Doc Brown's Chemistry Revision Notes

+ 4Cl^-   + 6H₂O

Part 0. Examples of reversible reactions and Reversible reactions & what we mean by chemical equilibrium

(GCSE/IGCSE level, but a useful simple 'revision' introduction, the links below are all for advanced A level students)

Part 1. Introduction - examples of reversible reactions described, dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle

Part 2a. How to write equilibrium expressions and the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant K

Part 2b. How to write K_c equilibrium expressions, units and exemplar K_c calculations including esterification

Part 2c. How to write K_p expressions, units, partial pressures and exemplar K_p equilibrium calculations

Part 3. Applying Le Chatelier's Principle and equilibrium expressions to Industrial Processes

Part 4. Partition between two phases, solubility product and ion–exchange

4.1 Partition between two phases

4.2 Solubility product K_sp & common ion effect

4.3 Ion–exchange systems

Part 5. pH, weak–strong acid–base theory and calculations

GCSE 9-1 /IGCSE notes on acids and bases (lots of basic stuff, read 1st)

5.0 A level notes on Acids, Bases, Salts, uses of acid–base titrations – upgrade from GCSE (read 2nd)

5.1 Lewis and Bronsted–Lowry acid–base theories

5.2 self–ionisation of water and pH scale

5.3 strong acids - examples - pH calculations

5.4 weak acids - examples & pH-K_a-pK_a calculations

5.5 strong bases -examples -pH calculations

5.6 weak bases - examples & pH-K_b-pK_b calculations

Part 6. Salt hydrolysis, Acid–base titrations–indicators, pH curves and buffers

6.1 Salt hydrolysis

6.2 Acid–base indicator theory, pH curves and titrations

6.3 Buffers – definition, formulation and action

6.4 Buffer calculations

6.5 Case studies of buffer function

Part 7. Redox equilibria, half–cell electrode potentials, electrolysis and electrochemical series

7.0 GCSE/IGCSE/O level Notes on Electrochemistry (lots of basic stuff on several pages)

7.1 Half cell equilibria, electrode potential

7.2 Simple cells notation and construction

7.3 The hydrogen electrode and standard conditions

7.4 Half–cell potentials, Electrochemical Series and using E^θ_cell for reaction feasibility

7.5 Electrochemical cells ('batteries') and fuel cell systems

7.6 Electrolysis and the electrochemical series

7.7 Exemplar Questions, Appendix 1. The Nernst Equation, Appendix 2 Free Energy, Cell Emf and K

Part 8. Phase equilibria–vapour pressure, boiling point and intermolecular forces

8.1 Vapour pressure origin and examples

8.2 Introduction to intermolecular forces & comparative discussion of boiling points of 8 organic molecules

8.3 Boiling point plots for six organic homologous series

8.4 Other case studies of boiling points related to intermolecular forces

8.5 Steam distillation – theory and practice and calculations

8.6 Evidence and theory of hydrogen bonding in simple covalent hydrides, water and other molecules

8.7 Solubility of covalent compounds, miscible and immiscible liquids