INDEX of notes on introducing plant, animal
and bacteria types of cell structure and the function of their components
including sub-cellular structures and differences between plant, animal and bacterial cells
and unicellular organisms
Doc Brown's biology exam revision study notes
What features do animal cells and plant
cells have in common?
In what way do plant cells differ from
animal cells?
Can you correctly draw and label an animal cell
and a plant cell?
What are subcellular structures? What is their
function in cells?
Sub-index for this page on different
types of cell structure and organisms
(1)
What defines
life? What are the characteristics of a living organism?
(2)
Introduction to cells
- types of cells - prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(3)
Typical characteristics of animal cells including humans! (eukaryotes, eukaryota)
(4)
Structure of a typical plant and algal cells (eukaryotes, eukaryota)
(5)
Structure of a typical bacteria cell (prokaryotes - prokaryotic cells, prokaryota)
(6)
Structure of fungal and yeast cells (eukaryotes)
(7)
A note on the
structure of viruses (NOT
classified as living organisms)
(8)
The scale of things, orders of magnitude and the chemical
composition of a unicellular organism
(9)
Some more examples of
unicellular organisms (amoeba dinoflagellate euglena)
See also
CELL SPECIALISMS - an introduction to cell
specialisation is on another
page
and
Microscopy and cells: the development and use of microscopes in biology
- optical and electron
and
Cell division - cell cycle - mitosis, meiosis, sexual/asexual reproduction,
binary fission, cancer cells
Some typical learning objectives for these pages on cell structure and function
Know the differences between eukaryotes and
prokaryotes :
Know that plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a
cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material
enclosed in a nucleus.
Know that bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much
smaller and simpler in comparison. They have cytoplasm
and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
The genetic material is not enclosed in a
nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may
be one or more small rings of DNA called
plasmids.
Know the similarities and differences between
animal, plant and bacterial cells.
You should be able to explain how the
main sub-cellular structures, including the
nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria,
chloroplasts in plant cells and plasmids in
bacterial cells are related to their functions.
Know that most animal cells have the following parts: a nucleus, which controls the activities of the
cell, cytoplasm, in which most of the
chemical reactions take place, a cell membrane, which controls the passage
of substances into and out of the cell, mitochondria, which is where aerobic
respiration takes place, ribosomes, which are where protein
synthesis occurs.
Be able to recognise,
draw and interpret images of cells.
Know the parts found in animal cells
(listed above)
Know that plant cells often have: chloroplasts, which absorb light to make food
by photosynthesis a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.
Know that plant and algal cells have a
more rigid cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.
The
diagram above illustrates some of the basic features to recognise, without the
key below!
More detailed diagrams of typical
animal cells
and
plants
cells are in sections (b) and (c).
L = mitochondria, N = chloroplasts, O = cilia hairs, P = cell
wall, R = cell membrane, T = vacuole, W = nucleus, Z = cytoplasm
Cell 1: Ciliated cell - mucous membrane cell with cilia
hairs to move mucous along, found in nose, throat, stomach and lungs.
Cell 2: Plant cell - nucleus, chloroplasts, cell
membrane, cell wall, large vacuole, nucleus, mitochondria
Cell 3: Red blood cell - has no nucleus, but important
carrier of oxygen for respiration in all cells with mitochondria.
Cell 4: Non-specific cell - just showing cytoplasm, cell
membrane, nucleus and mitochondria.
Cell 5: Sperm cell - showing swimming tail and nucleus.
Cell 6: Plant root hair cell - cytoplasm, nucleus,
mitochondria, cell wall, cell membrane, (NO chloroplasts!)
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General CELL BIOLOGY and GENETICS revision notes index
Introduction to plant and animal cell structure and
function - comparison of subcellular structures
Stem cells and medical uses, and introduction to cell
differentiation and specialisation
Cell division - cell cycle - mitosis, meiosis, sexual/asexual reproduction,
binary fission
Microscopy - the development and use of microscopes in biology
- optical and electron
Diffusion - including demonstration, factors &
Fick's Law, osmosis investigation and active transport
Examples of surfaces for the exchange of substances in
animal organisms
Respiration - aerobic/anaerobic in plants, fungi & animals,
substrates/products, experimental investigations
Enzymes - structure, functions, optimum conditions,
investigation experiments, digestion
(gcse
biology notes)
See also
Enzymes and Biotechnology
(gcse chemistry notes)
Culturing microorganisms like bacteria - testing
antibiotics and antiseptics
DNA and RNA structure and Protein Synthesis
An introduction to genetic
variation and the formation and consequence of mutations
Introduction to the inheritance of characteristics and
genetic diagrams (including Punnett squares) including technical terms, Mendel's work and inherited
genetic disorder, genetic testing
The human GENOME project - gene expression, chromosomes, alleles, genotype, phenotype, variations,
uses of genetic testing including 'pros and cons'
Inherited characteristics and human sexual
reproduction, genetic fingerprinting and its uses
Genetic
engineering: uses - making insulin, medical applications, GM crops & food
security
More complicated genetics: Sex-linked genetic
disorders, inheritance of blood groups
See also section on
Cloning -
tissue culture of plants and animals
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