C5.4 How can we extract useful metals from minerals? Unit Module C5 Chemicals of the natural environment OCR GCSE 21st Century Additional Science CHEMISTRY

Doc Brown's GCSE OCR 21st Century Science-Chemistry Revision Notes

OCR GCSE 21st Century Additional Science Chemistry Module C5 Chemicals of the natural environment

C5.4 How can we extract useful metals from minerals?

1. know that ores are rocks that contain varying amounts of minerals from which metals can be extracted
2. know and understand that for some minerals, large amounts of ore need to be mined to recover small percentages of valuable minerals (for example, in copper mining)
3. know that zinc, iron and copper are metals that can be extracted by heating their oxides with carbon, and write simple word equations for these reactions
- Technical details not required
4. know and understand that when a metal oxide loses oxygen it is reduced, while the carbon gains oxygen and is oxidised
5. know and understand that some metals are so reactive that their oxides cannot be reduced by carbon
6. be able to write word equations when given appropriate information
7. be able to interpret symbol equations, including the number of atoms of each element, the number of molecules of each element or covalent compound and the number of ‘formulas’ of ionic compounds, in reactants and products
- In this context, ‘formula’ is used in the case of ionic compounds as an equivalent to molecules in covalent compounds; the concept of the mole is not covered in the specification here
8. HT only: be able to balance unbalanced symbol equations
9. HT only: be able to write balanced equations, including the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq), when given appropriate information
10. know the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) and understand their use in equations.
11. be able to use the Periodic Table to obtain the relative atomic masses of elements
12. be able to use relative atomic masses to calculate relative formula masses
13. be able to calculate the mass of an element in the gram formula mass of a compound
14. HT only: be able to calculate the mass of the metal that can be extracted from a mineral given its formula or an equation
15. be able to describe electrolysis as the decomposition of an electrolyte with an electric current
16. know and understand that electrolytes include molten ionic compounds
17. be able to describe what happens to the ions when an ionic crystal melts
18. know and understand that, during electrolysis, metals form at the negative electrode and non-metals form at the positive electrode
19. be able to describe the extraction of aluminium from aluminium oxide by electrolysis
20. HT only: understand that during electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide, positively charged aluminium ions gain electrons from the negative electrode to become neutral atoms
21. HT only: understand that during electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide, negatively charged oxide ions lose electrons to the positive electrode to become neutral atoms which then combine to form oxygen molecules
22. HT only: use ionic theory to explain the changes taking place during the electrolysis of a molten salt to account for the conductivity of the molten salt and the changes at the electrodes
23. know and understand that the uses of metals are related to their properties (limited to strength, malleability, melting point and electrical conductivity)
24. be able to explain the physical properties of high strength and high melting point of metals in terms of a giant structure held together by strong bonds (metallic bonding)
25. HT only: understand that in a metal crystal there are positively charged ions, held closely together by a sea of electrons that are free to move, and use this to explain the physical properties of metals, including malleability and conductivity
26. be able to evaluate, given appropriate information, the impacts on the environment that can arise from the extraction, use and disposal of metals.

Revision notes and quizzes

OCR GCSE Twenty First Century Additional Science CHEMISTRY

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All of OCR GCSE 21st Century Additional Science Chemistry Module C5 Chemicals of the natural environment

GCSE Science-Chemistry courses AQA GCSE Science A CHEMISTRY * EDEXCEL GCSE Science CHEMISTRY

OCR GCSE 21st Century Science A CHEMISTRY * OCR GCSE Gateway Science B CHEMISTRY

WJEC GCSE Science-CHEMISTRY * Northern Ireland CCEA GCSE Science-CHEMISTRY

AQA GCSE SCIENCES * EDEXCEL GCSE SCIENCES * OCR 21st Century Sciences * OCR GCSE Gateway SCIENCES

All the science modules of the OCR GCSE 21st Century Science Suite BIOLOGY MODULES Module B1 You and your genes * Module B2 Keeping healthy * Module B3 Life on Earth * Module B4 The processes of life * Module B5 Growth and development * Module B6 Brain and mind * Module B7 Further Biology * CHEMISTRY MODULES Module C1 Air quality * Module C2 Material choices * Module C3 Chemicals in our lives – risks and benefits * Module C4 Chemical patterns * Module C5 Chemicals of the natural environment * Module C6 Chemical synthesis * Module C7 Further Chemistry * PHYSICS MODULES Module P1 The Earth in the Universe * Module P2 Radiation and life * Module P3 Sustainable energy * Module P4 Explaining motion * Module P5 Electric circuits * Module P6 Radioactive materials * Module P7 Further Physics – Studying the Universe

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