1-8 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

1. ATOMS, MOLECULES and STOICHIOMETRY

1. Chemical Calculations index - 1. to 16. sections of explanation-examples and quizzes built into the notes, designed up to higher GCSE and basic AS calculations

2. section 1. relative atomic mass

3. section 2. formula mass

4. section 3. simple reacting mass calculations

5. section 4. % composition by mass of a compound

6. section 5. empirical formula

7. section 6. on reacting mass and % & theoretical yield

8. section 7. introducing moles

9. section 8. Using moles to deduce empirical/molecular formula of a compound/molecule

10. section 9. moles and molar gas volume

11. section 10. Reacting gas volume ratios

12. section 11. making up solutions, concentration & molarity

13. section 12. acid-alkali titration calculations - apparatus/analysis

14. Structured Question worksheet including Acid-Base volumetric titration calculations (answers)

2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1. GCSE Atomic Structure Notes including mass spectrometry of elements - the structure of atoms, isotopes, nuclear structure notation, 'simple' electronic structure and the Periodic Table and mass spectrometry for isotope analysis and calculation of relative atomic mass (A_r)

2. GCSE multiple choice quiz on  Atomic structure, isotopes & 'simple' electronic structure of atoms

3. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 2 "Electronic Structure and Ionisation Energies" - Electron arrangements - electron configurations and the Periodic Table - s, p, d and f blocks - ionization energy patterns, section on hydrogen spectrum and emission spectroscopy (3 linked pages)

3. CHEMICAL BONDING

1. Introduction to BONDING

2. Revision notes on the basics of Ionic BONDING

3. Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and small molecules

4. Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and giant structures

5. Revision notes on the basics of Metallic BONDING

6. Revision notes on shapes and bond angles of simple molecules (VSEPR), ions, transition metal complexes and a section on shape and bond angles in organic molecules

7. Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry experiments and resulting data

8. GCSE Multiple choice quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

4. STATES OF MATTER

1. States of Matter: gas-liquid-solid revision notes

2.  States of Matter Part II More advanced topics on the Ideal Gas Laws, p-V-T and PV=nRT calculations, kinetic particle model-theory and ideal and non-ideal real gas behaviour

3. Revision notes on the basics of Ionic BONDING

4. Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and small molecules

5. Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and giant structures

6. Revision notes on the basics of Metallic BONDING

5. CHEMICAL ENERGETICS

1. Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry experiments and resulting data

2. GCSE Multiple choice quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

3. Thermodynamics Part 1: Thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments - Enthalpies of reaction,formation, combustion and bond dissociation are explained with exemplar calculations

4. Enthalpy and Bond Energy Calculation Questions  (answers)

5. A2 A Level Thermodynamics Part 2 ΔH Enthalpies of ion hydration, solution, atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity and the Born-Haber cycle

6. A2 Thermodynamics Part 3 ΔS Entropy and ΔG Free Energy Changes

6. ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1. Revision notes on Inorganic redox reactions - Part 1 electronegativity, explaining oxidation and reduction reactions and oxidation state/oxidation number changes

2. Group 7 The Halogens Notes - includes electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride/brine and the uses of the products - chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. Alphabetical keyword-phrase list at top of page.

3. Extra notes on Electrochemistry - an introduction to electrolysis, theory, electrolysis cells, industrial electrolysis process links summary, experimental methods for electrolysis, electrode equations

4. The Mining of Minerals and the Extraction of Metals - the extraction of aluminium, copper - electrolysis purification) (use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)

5. A2 Equilibrium Part 7 Redox equilibria, half-cell electrode potentials, electrolysis and electrochemical series

6. A2 section 13. electrolysis calculations

7. EQUILIBRIA

1.  Starter GCSE Notes-reversible reactions-equilibrium, ammonia synthesis

2. Advanced Chemistry Equilibria Part 1. Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle

3. Equilibria Part 2 K_c and K_p equilibrium expressions and calculations

4. Equilibria Part 3 equilibrium and industrial processes

5. Equilibria Part 5 pH, weak-strong acid-base theory A2 K_a, k_b and K_w equilibrium calculations

6. A2 Equilibria Part 6 Salt hydrolysis, Acid-base titrations-indicators, pH curves and buffers

8. REACTION KINETICS

1. Notes for the basics of rates of reactions

2. KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy, homogeneous catalysts & heterogeneous catalyst

3. A2 obtaining data, rate expressions and orders of reaction, deducing orders of reaction

4. A2 KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions revision notes: Selected case studies of kinetics and rate expressions and calculations, deriving the activation energy E_a from kinetics-rates data and Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability

 9 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: Chemical Identity Tests - Gives descriptions of lots of tests for gases, ions - cations and anions, organic functional groups/homologous series etc. (use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)

9.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE: CHEMICAL PERIODICITY

1. Periodic Table Notes Part 11: Compiled tables of data on Groups 1-7,0 and 3d-block-Transition Metals

2. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 4 "Survey of Period 2 Elements and Trends" (3 linked pages)

3. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 5 "Survey of Period 3 Elements and Trends" (3 linked pages)

4. Periodicity graphs for elements Z = 1 to 20 Period 1 to start of Period 4

5.  Periodicity graph for elements Z = 1 to 38 Period 1 to start of Period 5

6.  Periodicity graph for elements Z = 1 to 96 Period 1 to start of Period 7

7. Summary notes of Inorganic Chemical tests for gases, ions - anions or cations (use alphabetical index at top of page)

9.2 GROUP II

1. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 7 Group 1 Alkali Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals - detailed revision notes

2. Multiple choice Quiz on Group 1 Alkali Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals (easy start!)

9.3 GROUP IV

9.4 GROUP VII

1. Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens 9.1 Introduction, trends & Group 7/17 data * 9.2 Halogen displacement reaction and reactivity trend  * 9.3 Reactions of halogens with other elements * 9.4 Reaction between halide salts and conc. sulfuric acid * 9.5 Tests for halogens and halide ions * 9.6 Extraction of halogens from natural sources * 9.7 Uses of halogens & compounds * 9.8 Oxidation & Reduction - more on redox reactions of halogens & halide ions * 9.9 Volumetric analysis - titrations involving halogens or halide ions * 9.10 Ozone, CFC's and halogen organic chemistry links * 9.11 Chemical bonding in halogen compounds * 9.12 Miscellaneous aspects of halogen chemistry

9.5 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS

1. The Transition Metals and Uses of other metals - chemical and physical properties of them, uses of iron, copper, chromium etc., and a section on the uses and applications of other non-transition metals like aluminium.

2. Periodic Table Notes Part 11: Compiled tables of data on Groups 1-7,0 and 3d-block-Transition Metals

3. A2 INORGANIC Part 10 3d block TRANSITION METALS sub-index: 10.1-10.2 Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals * 10.3 Scandium * 10.4 Titanium * 10.5 Vanadium * 10.6 Chromium * 10.7 Manganese * 10.8 Iron * 10.9  Cobalt * 10.10 Nickel * 10.11 Copper * 10.12 Zinc * 10.13 Other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt

4. A2 TRANSITION METALS continued: Appendix 1. Hydrated salts, acidity of hexa-aqua ions * Appendix 2. Complexes & ligands * Appendix 3. Complexes and isomerism * Appendix 4. Electron configuration & colour theory * Appendix 5. Redox equations, feasibility, E^ø * Appendix 6. Catalysis * Appendix 7. Redox equations * Appendix 8. Stability Constants and entropy changes * Appendix 9. Colorimetric analysis and complex ion formula * Appendix 10 3d block - extended data * Appendix 11 Some 3d-block compounds, complexes, oxidation states & electrode potential chart * Appendix 12 Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures', formulae and equations

5. A2 Equilibrium Part 7 Redox equilibria, half-cell electrode potentials, predicting feasibility of a reaction

9.6 NITROGEN AND SULPHUR

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 10 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Some general A2 links

1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: Chemical Identity Tests - Gives descriptions of lots of tests for gases, ions - cations and anions, organic functional groups/homologous series etc. (use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)

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10.1 INTRODUCTORY TOPICS

1. A summary of homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry

2. Tests for organic functional groups notes (use alphabetical index)

3. General test on type of Organic Molecule Recognition based on examples of structure and recognition of functional groups, including isomers, so the quiz is mainly on recognition of types of molecules and their structural features and classification

4. Revision notes on the structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKANES (and cycloalkanes) notes, including nomenclature of isomers

5. Multiple choice Quiz on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of alkanes

6. Type in name Quiz on the structure & naming of ALKANES (and nomenclature of cycloalkanes)

7. Revision notes on the structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKENES (and cycloalkanes) notes, including nomenclature of isomers

8. Multiple choice Quiz on the Structure and naming (nomenclature) of ALKENES

9. Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of ALKENES

10. Revision notes on the structure and naming of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes notes parts 1-3), including nomenclature of many isomers

11. Multiple choice Quiz on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)

12. Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)

13. Revision notes on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS including isomers

14. Multiple choice Quiz on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS

15. Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of aliphatic ALCOHOLS

16. Revision notes on the Structure and Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones, including nomenclature of isomers

17. Multiple choice on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of Aldehydes and Ketones

18. Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones

19. Revision notes on the structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES, including nomenclature of isomers

20. Multiple choice Quiz on the Structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & DERIVATIVES

21. Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & DERIVATIVES AS need acids and esters, BUT acyl chlorides only needed for A2

22. Matching pair Quiz on aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and ester structure (drag and drop/printout version)

23. Combined matching pair Exercises on organic molecular structure

24. ALIPHATIC ORGANIC STRUCTURE and NOMENCLATURE BUMPER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ

25. Type in name ALIPHATIC ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE BUMPER QUIZ - on most of aliphatic nomenclature based on 6 combined quizzes: alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and derivatives (amides, acid chlorides, esters etc.)

26. A2 Revision notes on the Structure, Classification and Naming of Organic Nitrogen Compounds, including nomenclature of isomers AS only need to know primary amines and nitriles

27. A2 Multiple choice quiz on the Classification, Structure and Naming (nomenclature) of Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen

28. A2 Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen

29.  MECHANISM Introduction and terms used in organic chemistry (on the mechanism pages the type of reaction, basic reaction equations and conditions are quoted which may act as a suitable reference, also a reaction index)

30. Revision notes on shapes and bond angles of simple molecules (VSEPR) including a section on shape and bond angles in organic molecules

31.  Organic Chemistry ISOMERISM general definition (use sub-index at top of page)

32.  Organic Chemistry (1) STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM general definition (use sub-index at top of page)

33.  Organic Chemistry (1a) Chain isomerism (use sub-index at top of page)

34.  Organic Chemistry (1b) Positional isomerism (use sub-index at top of page)

35.  Organic Chemistry (1c) Functional group isomerism (use sub-index at top of page)

36.  Organic Chemistry (2) STEREOISOMERISM general definition (use sub-index at top of page)

38.  Organic Chemistry (2a) Geometrical Isomerism (use sub-index at top of page)

39.  Organic Chemistry (2b) Optical Isomerism (use sub-index at top of page) Spotting optical isomers Q

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10.2 HYDROCARBONS

1. GCSE notes on Oil and useful products - The hydrocarbons from oil and their uses e.g. fuels, polymers/plastics, fossil fuels and environmental problems etc. See also Alternative and Fossil Fuel Survey and Global warming discussion page.

2.  MECHANISM Introduction and terms used in organic chemistry (on the mechanism pages the type of reaction, basic reaction equations and conditions are quoted which may act as a suitable reference, also a reaction index)

3.  Mechanism of the free radical chlorination/bromination of alkanes

4.  Mechanism of the free radical thermal cracking of alkanes

5.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes

6.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of bromine to alkenes with pure bromine

7.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of sulphuric acid to alkenes

8.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of water to alkenes [acid catalyst]

9.  Mechanism of free radical polymerisation of alkenes to form a polymer

10. A2  MECHANISMS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS - introduction to arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms

11. A2  Mechanism: Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene introduction to electrophilic substitution and nitration

12. A2  Mechanism: Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution chlorination (similar for bromine, just swap Cl with Br)

13. A2  Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms - the orientation of products in aromatic substitution

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10.3 HALOGEN DERIVATIVES

1.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes/alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion  hydrolysis to alcohol

2.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ion to make a nitrile

3.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by ammonia to make a primary amine

4.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Elimination of hydrogen bromide

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10.4 HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

1. Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes - section on alcohols - ethanol  Use sub-index and keyword list at top of page.

2. Revision notes on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS, isomers and classification into prim, secondary and tertiary alcohols

3. Tests for organic functional groups notes (use alphabetical index)

4. Organic synthesis redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols, reduction of aldehydes & ketones (use top summary table index)

5.  Mechanism: Alcohols - conversion to halogenoalkane

6.  Mechanism: Alcohols - elimination of water to make an alkene [acid catalysed dehydration]

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10.5 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

1. Organic synthesis redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes (use top summary table index)

2.  Mechanism: Carbonyl compounds - aldehydes/ketones nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to give a hydroxynitrile

3. Tests for organic functional groups notes (use alphabetical index for homologous series, reagents etc.)

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10.6 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES

1. Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes - section on carboxylic acids  Use sub-index and keyword list at top of page.

2. Organic synthesis redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols, reduction of aldehydes & ketones, carboxylic acids, nitro-aromatic compounds (arenes) and nitriles (use top summary table index)

3. A2  Mechanism: Acid chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - hydrolysis with water to give a carboxylic acid

4. A2  Mechanism: Acid chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - esterification with alcohols

5. A2  Mechanism: Acid chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - amide formation with ammonia or primary amines

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10.7 NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

1. Organic synthesis redox reactions - including reduction of nitro-aromatic compounds (nitro-arenes) and nitriles (use top summary table index)

2. A2  Other organic stereochemistry including amino acids-proteins-polypeptides-enzymes

3. A2  Mechanism: Acid chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - amide formation with ammonia or primary amines

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10.8 POLYMERISATION

1. Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes - section on polymers  Use sub-index and keyword list at top of page.

2. GCSE notes on Oil and useful products - section on polymers/plastics,

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 11 APPLICATIONS OF CHEMISTRY

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11.1 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

1. A2  Other organic stereochemistry including amino acids-proteins-polypeptides-enzymes

2. A2 Extra GCSE Industrial Chemistry Notes - section on enzymes. (use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)

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11.2 APPLICATIONS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

1. A2 NMR problem solving

2. A2 Equilibria Part 4 Partition and solvent extraction, solubility product and ion-exchange

3. A2 Methods of separating mixtures including chromatography (use index at top)

4. A2 Extra GCSE Industrial Chemistry Notes - brief notes on emission spectroscopy and glc gas-liquid chromatography (use the keyword alphabetical index near top of the page)

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11.3 DESIGN AND MATERIALS

1. A2 -

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