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Doc
Brown's Chemistry Clinic
My unofficial
support for Salters
AS
Advanced Chemistry
Salters AS Chemistry -
PR "The Polymer Revolution"
PR Unit map and learning objectives list - part of module 2848
PR exam bashing thoughts *
other PR backup material * My
REVISION index * My Salters AS homepage
* My Salters A2 homepage *
Email
PLEASE REMEMBER, THESE ARE NOT 'STAND ALONE' NOTES, and were designed for my
classes for use alongside the Salters resources - Chemical Ideas, Chemical
Storylines, Practical Activities-Investigations and the AS-A2 Revision guides
all published by Heinemann Secondary Series, to reduce the reading workload and
offer a study strategy. From your
teacher (not me!), its handy to have the answers to the Chemical Ideas,
Storylines Assignments and Activities Questions side by side with the texts and
these strategy pages. You haven't time to redo the Q's but a quick read of the
Q's and connecting with the official answers is valuable revision. |
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PR2 Making poly(phenylethene) |
PR2 THE POLY(ETHENE) STORY: |
12.2 Alkenes
5.3 Forces between molecules: temporary
and permanent dipoles
5.5 The structure and properties of
polymers (1st part on addition polymers only) |
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PR5.1 Deflecting jets
PR5.2 Viscosity in alcohols
PR5.3 Now you see it …
PR5.4 Making 'slime'
PR5.5 The oxidation of alcohols (new
PR activity, teacher or student download from Heinemann site) |
PR5 DISSOLVING POLYMERS: |
5.4 Forces between molecules: hydrogen
bonding
13.2 Alcohols and ethers (revision)
13.4 The -OH group in alcohols part a (new
version CI 13.4, teacher download from Heinemann site)
all downloads
from ....
http://www.heinemann.co.uk/science |
|
PR6 Poly(pyrrole) - a conducting polymer |
PR6 POLYMERS THAT SHINE IN THE DARK: |
3.5 Geometrical isomerism |
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Unit
PR Learning Outcomes
KEY: CS = Chemical
storylines, CI = Chemical Ideas, Act = Activity: be
able to
- O show awareness of the historical development of addition polymers: [CS PR1/2/3/4/5/6; Ass 1; Act PR1/6; CI]
- (a) discovery of poly(ethene)
- (b) different kinds of
poly(ethene)
- (c) Ziegler-Natta catalysts
- (d) conducting and light-emitting
polymers
- (e) dissolving polymers
- O show awareness that scientific discoveries are often made by accident
(poly(ethene and PTFE - cases of serendipity!) and give some examples of polymers discovered in this way [CS PR1]
- O explain and use the terms:
monomer, polymer, repeating unit and addition polymerisation [CS PR1; Ass 1; Act PR2; CI 12.2]
need to appreciate the free radical mechanism of addition polymerisation
when peroxides used as the catalyst.
- O predict the structural formula of the addition polymer formed from
a given monomer(s), and vice versa, and presented in summary form eg
-(CH2-CHX-)n- or fully drawn out section of several
momomer units [CS PR2; Ass 1; Act PR2; CI 12.2] but note variety of
molecular mass of polymer molecules formed, monomer units in polymer
molecule = molecular mass of polymer molecule / molecular mass of monomer
- O use systematic nomenclature to name alkenes,
draw/recognise/name them in full structural formula, abbreviated format or
skeletal, bond angles (eg 109o or 120o) [CI 12.2] alkene
structure/names
- O recognise
and draw cis-trans (geometric) isomers [CS PR6; CI 3.5]
- O build models and draw and interpret diagrams to represent cis-trans isomers [CS PR6; CI 3.5]
ok for simple alkene molecules like but-2-ene, can be quite awkward for
addition polymers formed from
C
 C
triple bond alkyne monomers.
- O describe and explain the addition reactions of alkenes with the following:
[CI 12.2]
- (a) bromine
(also how to do reaction as a test for alkene, observations, and watch
out for reaction with an alkyne - reacts with 2Br2 but
similar mechanistic arguments, even more reactive/electron rich)
- note the different products formed
from bromine in a non-polar organic solvent like hexane (get
dibromoalkane) and from bromine water (bromoalcohol)
- (b) hydrogen bromide
- (c) hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst
- (d) water in the presence of a catalyst
- Note for (a) bromine
water, (b) and (d), reactions there might
be more than one product possible, which are structural-positional isomers of
each other, and this will always happen if the alkene is NOT
symmetrical in structure about the C=C double bond. Usually one of
two products dominates depending on the stability or ease of
formation of the intermediate carbocation (carbonium ion)
- O explain and use the terms: addition,
electrophilic attack, electrophile [CI 12.2]
other terms you will/have come across are: elimination, nucleophile,
nucleophilic attack, substitution, free radical, initiation, propagation,
termination (so don't get em'
muddled up).
- O
describe and explain the mechanism of the electrophilic addition reaction between bromine and alkenes [CI 12.2]
- O decide whether a molecule is polar or non-polar from its shape and the polarity of its bonds [Act PR5.1/5.2; CI 5.3]
- O describe and exemplify the following types of intermolecular force attractions: [Act PR5.1/5.2; CI 5.3/5.4]
- (a) instantaneous dipole–induced dipole
attractions
- (occurs irrespective of molecule
polarity)
- (b) permanent dipole–permanent dipole attractions
- (needs a polar bond present)
- (c) hydrogen bonding forces
- (needs highly polar bonds with
hydrogen and a very electronegative non-metal eg ...d+H-Fd-...,
...d-O-Hd+...,
...d-:N-Hd+...)
- O describe and explain the principal features of the molecular structure of water: [CI
5.3/5.5 part 1 only]
- (a) bonding and shape of the water molecule
(including o and x diagram)
- (b) hydrogen bonding in water and ice
(sketches of delta -Hd+llllOd-
interactions)
- O explain the properties of addition polymers and other substances in terms of intermolecular attractions [CS PR2/3/5; PR Ass 2/3/4; Act PR3/5.3/5.4; CI
5.5 part 1 only]
- O explain the meaning of the terms:
thermoplastic and thermoset, co-polymer [CI 5.5]
- O describe the meaning and significance of crystallinity in polymers [CS PR3; CI 5.5]
and apply this to the properties of isotactic, atactic and syndiotactic
forms of poly(propene) and also PVC poly(chloroethene)
- O relate the typical properties of addition polymers to their molecular structure, and make predictions about the properties of a given polymer. In particular, the following factors should be considered:
[CS PR2/3/4/5; PR Ass 3/4; CI 5.5 part 1 only]
- (a) chain length
- (b) side-groups
- (c) chain branching
- (d) chain flexibility
- (e) cross-linking
- (f) stereoregularity
- O relate the properties of a dissolving polymer to its molecular structure [CS PR5; CI 5.4]
- O distinguish
and recognise
the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary
alcohols from their structures [CI 13.2 and new CI13.4 part a] alcohol
structure/names (and quiz)
- O recognise members of the following homologous series: aldehydes,
ketones and carboxylic acids [CI 13.2, 13.3 and new version of
CI 13.4 part a] Functional
Group recognition notes and m/c
quiz
- O describe
and explain characteristic properties of alcohols
including: [new version CI 13.4 part a]
- oxidation of alcohols to
carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) and carboxylic acids with
acidified [H2SO4(aq)] potassium dichromate(VI)
solution [K2Cr2O7(aq)] notes
on alcohol oxidation, aldehyde/ketone structure and naming quiz
- dehydration of alcohols to
form alkenes (reverse of water addition to alkenes)
- O explain
and use the term: elimination reaction eg in
dehydration reaction of an alcohol to form an alkene [CI 13.4 part a]
GENERAL
REVISION
NOTES
* Salters
Advanced Level Chemistry * Salters Advanced Level Chemistry * Salters
Advanced Level Chemistry * Salters Advanced Level Chemistry * Salters
Advanced Level Chemistry *
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