Doc Brown's Chemistry ADVANCED LEVEL REVISION

Advanced Level Chemistry Revision-Study Notes

For Organic Chemistry

[ ORGANIC NOTES ] * [ INORGANIC NOTES ] * [ PHYSICAL-THEORETICAL NOTES ]

Click on  buttons-text below * UK Exam syllabus-specification links * General A Level Revision Questions

Revision study notes and for researching information

PART 1 ALKANES and OIL

Revision notes on the structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKANES (and cycloalkanes) notes, including nomenclature of isomers

The following notes have basic reaction conditions, reagents and general equations as well as detailed notes on the mechanisms indicated

Free radical chlorination/bromination to give halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides)

Free radical thermal cracking to give shorter alkanes and alkenes

PART 2 ALKENES

Revision notes on the structure and naming of ALKENES (including cyclo..), including nomenclature of many isomers

The following notes have basic reaction conditions, reagents and general equations as well as detailed notes on the mechanisms indicated

Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide [HBr_{(conc. aq)} and HBr_{(g/non-polar solvent)}] to form halogenoalkanes

Electrophilic addition of bromine with pure bromine or in non-polar solvent (non-aqueous Br_2(l/solvent)) to give dibromoalkanes

Electrophilic addition of bromine using bromine water [aqueous Br_2(aq)] to give bromo-alcohols

Electrophilic addition of sulphuric acid

Electrophilic addition of water [acid catalyst] to form alcohols

Free radical polymerisation to give poly(alkene) polymers

Hydrogenation to give saturated alkanes (in kinetics notes)

PART 3 HALOGENOALKANES (HALOALKANES)

Revision notes on the structure and naming of HALOGENOALKANES (notes parts 1-3), including nomenclature of many isomers

The following notes have basic reaction conditions, reagents and general equations as well as detailed notes on the mechanisms indicated

Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion [S_N1 or S_N2, hydrolysis to give alcohols]

with extra notes on kinetics, rds, molecularity, activated complex etc.

Nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ion to give a nitrile [S_N1 or S_N2]

Nucleophilic substitution by ammonia/primary amine to give primary/secondary amines etc. [S_N1 or S_N2]

Elimination of hydrogen bromide to form alkenes [E1 and E2]

PART 4 ALCOHOLS and ETHERS

Revision notes on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, expoxy-alkanes (parts 1-2), including isomers

The following notes have basic reaction conditions, reagents and general equations as well as detailed notes on the mechanisms indicated

Conversion of an alcohol to a halogenoalkane

Elimination of water from an alcohol to give an alkene [acid catalysed, E1 and E2]

PART 5 ALDEHYDES and KETONES

Revision notes on the Structure and Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones, including nomenclature of isomers

The following notes have basic reaction conditions, reagents and general equations as well as detailed notes on the mechanisms indicated

Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to form a hydroxy-nitrile

Addition of hydrogen - reduction with LiAlH₄ or NaBH₄ to give alcohols

The iodination of ketones e.g. a 2-one like propanone (a methyl ketone) to give iodo-ketones

Revision notes on the structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES, including nomenclature of isomers

The following notes have basic reaction conditions, reagents and general equations as well as detailed notes on the mechanisms indicated

Hydrolysis of acid chlorides with water to give a carboxylic acid

Esterification of acid chlorides with alcohols to give an ester

Amide formation from reaction of acid chlorides with ammonia or primary amines

PART 7 AROMATIC COMPOUNDS - arenes, phenols, haloaromatics, aromatic amines, aromatic carboxylic acids etc.

Notes on the Structure and Naming of Aromatic Compounds, including nomenclature of isomers

The following notes have basic reaction conditions, reagents and general equations as well as detailed notes on the mechanisms indicated

Nitration to give nitro-aromatics like nitrobenzene

Chlorination to chloro-aromatics like chlorobenzene

Alkylation to give alkyl-aromatics like methylbenzene [Friedel-Crafts reaction]

Acylation to give aromatic ketones [Friedel-Crafts reaction]

Sulphonation/sulfonation to give a sulphonic/sulfonic acid like benzenesulphonic acid/benzenesulfonic acid

The orientation of products in aromatic substitution (1,5/3,5/4 positions, ortho/meta/para substitution products)

PART 8 ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS - amines, amides, amino acids etc.

Revision notes on the Structure, Classification and Naming of Organic Nitrogen Compounds, including nomenclature of isomers

PART 9 FUNCTIONAL GROUP SUMMARY

A summary of homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry

PART 10 SUMMARY NOTES on ORGANIC CHEMISTRY MECHANISMS

Part 10.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC MECHANISMS revision notes: An alphabetical list of some organic terminology and a link to detailed notes on reaction mechanisms

COMPLETE MECHANISMS INDEX

Part 10.2 ALKANES - introduction to their chemistry

Free radical chlorination/bromination to give halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides)

Free radical thermal cracking to give shorter alkanes and alkenes

Part 10.3 ALKENES - introduction to their chemistry

Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide [HBr_{(conc. aq)} and HBr_{(g/non-polar solvent)}] to form halogenoalkanes

Electrophilic addition of bromine with pure bromine or in non-polar solvent (non-aqueous Br_2(l/solvent)) to give dibromoalkanes

Electrophilic addition of bromine using bromine water [aqueous Br_2(aq)] to give bromo-alcohols

Electrophilic addition of sulphuric acid

Electrophilic addition of water [acid catalyst] to form alcohols

Free radical polymerisation to give poly(alkene) polymers

Hydrogenation to give saturated alkanes (in kinetics notes)

Part 10.4 HALOGENOALKANES - introduction to the chemistry of haloalkanes/alkyl halides

Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion [S_N1 or S_N2, hydrolysis to give alcohols]

with extra notes on kinetics, rds, molecularity, activated complex etc.

Nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ion to give a nitrile [S_N1 or S_N2]

Nucleophilic substitution by ammonia/primary amine to give primary/secondary amines etc. [S_N1 or S_N2]

Elimination of hydrogen bromide to form alkenes [E1 and E2]

Part 10.5 ALCOHOLS - introduction to their chemistry

Conversion of an alcohol to a halogenoalkane

Elimination of water from an alcohol to give an alkene [acid catalysed, E1 and E2]

10.6 Carbonyl compounds - ALDEHYDES and KETONES - introduction to their chemistry

Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to form a hydroxy-nitrile

Addition of hydrogen - reduction with LiAlH₄ or NaBH₄ to give alcohols

The iodination of ketones e.g. a 2-one like propanone (a methyl ketone) to give iodo-ketones

10.7 ACID CHLORIDES - introduction - all nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions

Hydrolysis of acid chlorides with water to give a carboxylic acid

Esterification of acid chlorides with alcohols to give an ester

Amide formation from reaction of acid chlorides with ammonia or primary amines

Part 10.8 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS - introduction to arene electrophilic substitutions

Nitration to give nitro-aromatics like nitrobenzene

Chlorination to chloro-aromatics like chlorobenzene

Alkylation to give alkyl-aromatics like methylbenzene [Friedel-Crafts reaction]

Acylation to give aromatic ketones [Friedel-Crafts reaction]

Sulphonation/sulfonation to give a sulphonic/sulfonic acid like benzenesulphonic acid/benzenesulfonic acid

The orientation of products in aromatic substitution (1,5/3,5/4 positions, ortho/meta/para substitution products)

PART 11 QUALITATIVE TESTS

Qualitative Analysis Tests for organic functional groups notes (use alphabetical index)

Revision notes on Oxidation and reduction synthesis reactions, fuel cells etc. (sub-indexes of sections)

Revision notes on molecule shapes - section added on the bond angles of organic molecules

PART 14 ISOMERISM INDEX: 14.1 ISOMERISM general introduction-definition

STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM general definition * 14.1a Chain isomerism

14.1b Positional isomerism * 14.1c Functional group isomerism * 14.1d isomerism1.htm

14.2 STEREOISOMERISM introduction and E/Z isomerism ('ex' Geometric/Geometrical cis/trans Isomerism)

14.3 R/S Optical Isomerism and chiral auxiliary synthesis

14.4 Protein-enzyme structure, function and inhibition

14.5 Combinatorial chemistry * 14.6 Stereoregular polymers -  isotactic/atactic/syndiotactic poly(propene)

and also Isomerism in Transition metal complexes

Other Notes Links

NANOCHEMISTRY - nanoscience nanoparticles fullerenes carbon nanotubes

SMART MATERIALS which obviously overlaps with nanomaterials

Formulation chemistry

Uses of chemicals, 220+ examples in alphabetical order, GCSE orientated, but still useful quotes

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