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Doc Brown's Chemistry GCSE/IGCSE Science-CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
GCSE/IGCSE
KS4 Science-CHEMISTRY, Earth
Science and Radioactivity Revision Notes for AQA, Edexcel & OCR
GCSE courses
Revision-research
information STUDY NOTES index for KS4 science-chemistry GCSE-IGCSE & O level
courses (~ US grade 9-10)

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GCSE-IGCSE-KS4 Science-Chemistry
Topic revision-information study notes |
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SOME IMPORTANT BASICS of CHEMISTRY
Part 1
Some important
definitions in Chemistry - Elements, Compounds Mixture pictures and Physical &
Chemical Changes
Part 2
Methods of
Separating Mixtures
Part 3
How to write
equations, work out formula and name compounds
Definitions and examples of
atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures. Separation methods and physical
and chemical changes and sections on 'how to understand and write
chemical word and symbol equations', lots of formulae examples,
displayed formula and how to work out the formula of a compound. (keyword-phrase
index at top of page)
Quizzes-Worksheets section 1.
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   USES of
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
elements, compounds or mixtures
Uses
of Chemicals - 220+ examples briefly described |
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  TYPES of CHEMICAL CHANGES or REACTIONS
Types of Chemical Reactions or Chemical Processes GCSE Revision
Study Notes
- 40+ different
reactions-processes are described, use the top alphabetical index to
find examples of the reaction type you seek,
Email me
if one is missing, always happy to add extra examples.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 1.
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SIMPLE CHEMICAL TESTS
used in school/college laboratories
Part
1
ANALYSIS - Qualitative
Chemical Identification Tests GCSE Revision Study Notes
- Gives descriptions of lots of tests for gases, ions and organic
molecules-functional groups
etc. and labelled diagrams of hazard warning symbols.
Use alphabetical keyword index near top of the page. It covers all the
chemical tests for KS3, GCSE, AS and A2.
Email me if you think one is missing but first checkout the
alphabetical index.
Part 2
Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional
groups of homologous series
Part 3
Metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions (acids)
Part 4
Gases,
water and non-metallic elements
Part 5
Anions (negative ions) including hydroxide
(alkalis)
Methods of preparing and collecting gases revision notes
- Reactants and use of gas syringes, test tubes etc. to collect the gas
and reference to some hazards etc.
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ACIDS, ALKALIS, pH SCALE, BASES,
NEUTRALISATION and SALT PREPARATIONS

Acids, Bases, Alkalis, pH, Neutralisation and Salts GCSE Revision Study
Notes
: 1. Everyday examples of acid-alkali chemistry
: 2. pH scale, indicators, ionic theory of acids, alkalis
(bases) & neutralisation : 3. Examples of
acid, neutral or alkaline
solutions : 4. Acid reactions with
metals, oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and neutralisation reactions : 5.
Reactions of bases-alkalis
like sodium hydroxide : 6. Four methods
of making salts : 7. Changes in pH in a
neutralisation : 8. Important formulae,
salt solubility and water of crystallisation : 9.
Further examples of word/symbol equations
involving acids, bases, alkalis : 10.
More on Acid-Base Theory and Weak and Strong
Acids ALSO
Quizzes-Worksheets section 12.
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 WATER
Water
Cycle, Solubility and Hard and Soft Water
water treatment, hard and soft water, colloids, solubility. |
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The PERIODIC TABLE
The Periodic Table - overview and summary
- gcse revision study notes
- Explanation and overview of Groups, Periods, Series etc. with links to
more detailed notes on the Group 1 Alkali Metals, Group 7 Halogens,
Group 0 Noble Gases and Transition Metals.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 3.
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ELEMENT DATA
ELEMENT
DATA on Groups 1,2,7,0 and
3d-Transition Metals for GCSE-IGCSE students. See also individual Groups or
Series of elements.
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The
Group 1 ALKALI METALS
Group 1
The Alkali Metals GCSE revision study notes - Tabulated element data for
lithium, sodium and potassium etc., physical and chemical properties of
the metals, group trends, reactions with water, oxygen and chlorine,
theory of group reactivity trend, compound formulae, uses of metals and
compounds.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 4.
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The
TRANSITION METALS
The Physical & Chemical
Properties and Uses of Transition Metals and mention of other
metals - GCSE study revision notes
- chemical and physical properties of them, uses of iron, copper,
chromium etc., and a section on the uses and applications of other
non-transition metals like aluminium.
See also
Sections 4. and 5. Extra Industrial Chemistry and
uses of sodium.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 5.
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The
Group 0 NOBLE GASES
Group 0 Noble Gases GCSE study revision
notes
- data, properties, chemical inertness, uses of helium, neon, argon etc. and
a little chemistry!
Quizzes-Worksheets section 7.
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The
Group 7 HALOGENS
Group 7
The Halogen GCSE study revision notes -
data, physical properties and chemistry of elements chlorine, bromine,
iodine and their compounds, electrolysis of aqueous sodium
chloride/brine and the uses of the products - chlorine, hydrogen and
sodium hydroxide.
Alphabetical keyword-phrase list at top of page.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 8.
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Reversible
Reactions, AMMONIA, NITRIC ACID & FERTILISERS
Ammonia
synthesis and uses, reversible reactions and chemical equilibrium
including reversible reactions, equilibrium theory, nitric acid
manufacture, fertiliser ammonium salt preparation, problems with over-use or
fertilisers. The sections of notes on each metal are listed in reactivity order.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 9.
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REACTIVITY SERIES of METALS and CORROSION
Part 1. The Reactivity Series of Metals The reactions of metals with
oxygen, water and acids, displacement reactions
Part 2. Corrosion
- Rusting of Iron and Redox Reactions
Introduction rusting of iron and preventing
its corrosion, plus a detailed introduction to oxidation-reduction (redox)
reactions, simple cells etc.
Part 3.
Metal Reactivity Series
Experiments-Observations (separate page)
Quizzes-Worksheets section 14. |

The Mining and EXTRACTION-MANUFACTURE of METALS
The Mining of Minerals and the Extraction of Metals from their Ores GCSE study
revision notes
- the extraction of aluminium, chromium, copper (and purification),
iron, sodium, titanium and zinc, method details and equations, and method
related to reactivity of the metal and environmental issues.
1. Introduction to Metal Extraction
* 2.
Extraction of Iron and Steel Making
3. Extraction of Aluminium and Sodium *
4.
Extraction and Purification of Copper
5. Extraction of Zinc, Titanium and Chromium
* 6.
Economic & environmental Issues - metal extraction
Quizzes-Worksheets section 13. |

More Aspects of
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Extra GCSE/IGCSE Industrial
Chemistry revision study notes
- limestone chemistry and uses, enzymes, sulphuric acid, uses of metals -
steels, aluminium and titanium, chemical economics etc.
1.
Limestone, lime
- uses, thermal decomposition of carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates
2.
Enzymes and
Biotechnology * 3. Contact Process, the importance of sulphuric acid
4.
How can
metals be made more useful? (alloys of Al, Fe, steel etc.)
5.
The importance of titanium * 6.
Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
7.
Chemical economics of processes
and sociological and environmental issues etc.
Introduction to 'Formulation Chemistry' e.g. cosmetics, shampoos, paints,
pesticides etc.
(See also
Transition Metals).
Quizzes-Worksheets section 10. |

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
and ELECTROLYSIS
Extra GCSE/IGCSE Electrochemistry
revision study notes
- an introduction to electrolysis, theory, electrolysis cells,
industrial electrolysis process links summary, experimental methods for
electrolysis, electrode equations, simple cells/batteries, fuel cells
etc.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 21. |

What controls
the SPEED OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS?
Factors affecting the
rates-speeds of chemical reactions GCSE revision study notes - the factors
affecting reaction rates, experimental methods for obtaining data, graphs,
energy change-reaction profiles and activation energies.
See also
enzymes, energy changes
and
coursework ideas.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 2. |

ENERGY
CHANGES-TRANSFERS IN CHEMISTRY
Energy changes-transfers
in Chemical Reactions GCSE/AS study revision notes - Exothermic and
endothermic energy changes, breaking/making bonds, bond energy calculations,
simple calorimetry of energy released by fuels and its measurement
and calculation.
The associated m/c quiz includes revision of physical and chemical changes.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 15. |
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STATES OF MATTER - Gases, Liquids and Solids - Particle
models
  States of Matter PART 1
- particle theory - gas, liquid & solid GCSE study revision notes
- notes and diagrams on states, state changes, using the particle model
to explain their properties.
States of Matter PART 2 - Gas Law
Calculations, Ideal gases etc. (includes some A level topics)
Quizzes-Worksheets section 16. |
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE & INTRODUCTION to the ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE of atoms
 
Atomic Structure
- the structure of atoms, isotopes, nuclear structure
notation, electronic structure and the Periodic Table.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 17.
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 CHEMICAL BONDING & STRUCTURE of MATERIALS
Part 1
Introduction to Materials Structure and
Types of Chemical Bonding GCSE/AS study revision notes -
Ionic, covalent (simple molecule and giant structures) and metallic
bonding (including alloys) theory and examples, physical properties of elements
and compound explained.
Part 2
Ionic Bonding - compounds and properties
Part 3
Covalent Bonding -small simple molecules and properties
Part 4
Covalent Bonding - macromolecules and giant covalent structures
Part 5
Metallic Bonding - structure and properties of metals
Quizzes-Worksheets section 18. |
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OIL and its USEFUL PRODUCTS & INTRODUCTION TO
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
   KS4 Science GCSE/IGCSE
Chemistry Oil & Organic Chemistry Pages: 1.
Fossil Fuels : 2.
Fractional distillation of crude oil & uses of fractions : 3.
ALKANES - saturated hydrocarbons : 4.
Pollution, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, what
makes a good fuel?, climate change-global warming :
5. Alkenes - unsaturated hydrocarbons :
6. Cracking - a problem of supply and demand, other products :
7. Polymers, plastics, uses and problems :
8. Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Why so many series of
organic compounds? : 9. Alcohols - Ethanol
- properties and reactions :
10. Carboxylic acids and esters : 11. Addition
polymers and condensation polymers :
12. Natural Molecules - carbohydrates - sugars
- starch : 13. Amino acids, proteins,
enzymes & chromatography : 14. Oils, fats,
margarine and soaps :
15. Vitamins, drugs-analgesic medicines & food
additives : 16. Ozone, CFC's and free
radicals *
Quizzes-Worksheets section 11.
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EARTH SCIENCE
 
Earth Science GCSE study revision notes
- based a series of 'cue'
questions on atmospheric evolution, carbon cycle, igneous-metamorphic
sedimentary rock formation and properties, plate tectonics and rock cycle etc.
1.
The Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and
the Carbon Cycle
2.
Summary of the Rock Cycle and types of
rock
3.
Erosion of Rocks - chemical and physical
weathering
4.
Igneous Rocks
- granite and basalt etc.
5.
Sedimentary Rocks - limestone and sandstone
etc.
6.
Metamorphic Rocks
- marble and slate etc.
7.
The Structure of the Earth
- crust, mantle and core layers
8.
Tectonic Plates
- plates movement and their effects
9.
More on Plate Tectonics
and Subduction zones
10. A few geology and atmospheric comments on
our moon and other planets
Quizzes-Worksheets section 20. |

 CHEMICAL
CALCULATIONS
Chemical Calculations for GCSE and AS (basic) - 1. to 16. sections of explanation-examples and
quizzes built into the notes.
1. What is
relative atomic mass? (Ar) and relative isotopic mass
2. Calculating relative formula/molecular mass (Mr) of a compound or element molecule
3. Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations
4.
Composition by percentage (%) mass of elements
in a compound 5.
Empirical formula and formula mass of a compound from reacting masses
(easy start, not using moles) 6a.
Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products
(NOT using
moles and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield, atom economy
and formula mass determination
6b. Reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations
(NOT using moles) 7.
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass). 8.
Using
moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule
(starting with reacting masses or % composition)
9. Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law
10.
Reacting gas volume
ratios, Avogadro's Law
and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous
reactants-products) 11.
11.
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
12.
Volumetric titration calculations
e.g. acid-alkali titrations
(and diagrams of apparatus). 13.
Electrolysis products calculations
(negative cathode and positive anode products)
14.
Other calculations
e.g. % purity, % percentage & theoretical yield, volumetric titration
apparatus, dilution of solutions
(and diagrams of apparatus), water of crystallisation, quantity of reactants
required, atom economy 15.
Energy transfers in physical/chemical changes, activation energies and reaction profiles
16. Gas calculations involving PVT relationships,
Boyle's and Charles Laws |
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RADIOACTIVITY, IONISING
RADIATION and Nuclear Power
  Radioactivity
and Nuclear Power GCSE/AS revision study notes
-
The structure of atoms linked to the properties and uses of alpha, beta
and gamma radiation, radioisotope dating, half-life and explanation of
fission/fusion nuclear reactions etc.
1a.
The
Structure of Atoms - 3 fundamental particles
1b.
What
it is an atom like?
2a.
What
is Radioactivity? Why does it happen?
2b.
How
did they find out there were three types of atomic-ionising radiation?
3a.
Detection of Radioactivity and its measurement, units
3b.
Ionising Radiation sources
4a.
The
properties of the three types of radioactive emission and symbols
4b
The
dangers of radioactive emissions - beware of ionising radiation from radio-isotopes!
5.
The
uses of radioactive Isotopes emitting alpha, beta or gamma radiation
6a.
The half-life of a radioisotope - how
long does material remain radioactive? implications!
6b.
Uses of decay data and half-life values
archaeological radiocarbon dating, dating rocks
7a.
What
actually happens in alpha and beta radioactive decay?
7b.
The
production of Radioisotopes - artificial sources
8.
Nuclear
fusion reactions and the formation of 'heavy elements'
9.
Nuclear Fission Reactions, nuclear power energy resource
Quizzes-Worksheets section 22. |
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