* Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Transition metals 10.10 Nickel Chemistry Doc Brown's

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 Doc Brown's Chemistry  Periodic Table revision notes 10.10

Part 10. Transition Metals 3d-block:  10.10 Nickel Chemistry

Revision notes for GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level AS Advanced Level A2 IB Revise AQA GCE Chemistry OCR GCE Chemistry Edexcel GCE Chemistry Salters Chemistry CIE Chemistry revising courses for pre-university students (equal to US grade 11 and grade 12 and Honours/honors level courses)  GCSE Periodic Table * GCSE notes Transition Metals * EMAIL comment

INORGANIC Part 10 3d block TRANSITION METALS sub-index: 10.1-10.2 Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals * 10.3 Scandium * 10.4 Titanium * 10.5 Vanadium * 10.6 Chromium * 10.7 Manganese * 10.8 Iron * 10.9  Cobalt * 10.10 Nickel * 10.11 Copper * 10.12 Zinc * 10.13 Other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt * Appendix 1. Hydrated salts, acidity of hexa-aqua ions * Appendix 2. Complexes & ligands * Appendix 3. Complexes and isomerism * Appendix 4. Electron configuration & colour theory * Appendix 5. Redox equations, feasibility, Eø * Appendix 6. Catalysis * Appendix 7. Redox equations * Appendix 8. Stability Constants and entropy changes * Appendix 9. Colorimetric analysis and complex ion formula * Appendix 10 3d block - extended data * Appendix 11 Some 3d-block compounds, complexes, oxidation states & electrode potentials * Appendix 12 Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures', formulae and equations

Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index * Part 1 Periodic Table history * Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 Period 4 survey K to Kr and important trends down a group * Part 7 s-block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8  p-block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 * Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodicity plots * All 11 Parts have their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages

10.10. Chemistry of Nickel Ni, Z=28, 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2 

  • Ni data table 1 summary

  • extended nickel data table 2

  • Nickel & electrode potential chart of 3d-block

  • Summary of some complexes-compounds & oxidation states of nickel compared to other 3d-block elements

  • Nickel has many uses from 'silver' coinage metals and monel used for chemical reactors - both are alloys with copper to give a chemically inert metal.

    • Nickel is an important hydrogenation catalyst in converting unsaturated vegetable oils to saturated fats like margarine.

    • unsaturated oil + hydrogen ==> low melting solid more saturated fat

    • Along the carbon chain of the oil you get: -CH=CH- + H2 ==> -CH2-CH2-

  • NICKEL(II) CHEMISTRY

  • In aqueous solution nickel forms the green stable hexaaqua nickel(II) ion, [Ni(H2O)6]2+ (aq) 

  • The alkalis sodium hydroxide or ammonia, produce the hydrated nickel(II) hydroxide green? precipitate. There is no further reaction with excess of NaOH, but see further down for excess NH3.

    • Ni2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ==> Ni(OH)2(s)  (can be written as [Ni(OH)2(H2O)4])

      • a precipitation reaction

  • Alkaline aqueous sodium carbonate solutions produces a precipitate of green ppt. of nickel(II) carbonate.

    • Ni2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ==> NiCO3(s) 

      • Its actually a basic carbonate - a mixture of the hydroxide and carbonate, you can make the pure carbonate by using sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.

      • Ni2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq) ==> NiCO3(s) + 4H2O(l) + CO2(g)

  • With excess aqueous ammonia the blue hexa-ammine complex ion is formed:

  • [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) rev [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

    • [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) ==> [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

      • Kstab = {[Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq)} / {[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq)} [NH3(aq)]6

      • Kstab = 4.8 x 107 mol-6 dm18  [lg(Kstab) = 7.7]

    • You can write equation of the ammine complex from the dissolving of nickel(II) hydroxide precipitate.

      • Ni(OH)2(s) + 6NH3(aq) rev [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

    • With lower concentrations of ammonia the pale blue complex can also have the structure [Ni(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+

    • The hexa-aquanickel(II) ion also forms complexes with other amine ligands

      • e.g. the bidentate ligand 1,2-diaminoethane (H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2, often abbreviated to en)

      • [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 3en(aq) ===> [Ni(en)3]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

        • Kstab = {[Ni(en)3]2+(aq)} / {[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq)} [en(aq)]3

        • Kstab = 2.0 x 1018 mol-3 dm9 [lg(Kstab) = 18.3]

      • The complex with EDTA is also readily formed.

      • [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + EDTA4-(aq) ===> [Ni(EDTA)]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

        • Kstab = {[Ni(EDTA)3]2-(aq)} / {[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq)} [EDTA4-(aq)]

        • Kstab = 1.0 x 1019 mol-1 dm3 [lg(Kstab) = 19.0]

      • Note that Kstab for the same ion tend to increase the greater the chelating power of an individual ligand in terms of the ligand bond formed - mainly due to the increase in entropy as more particles are formed by the polydentate ligands

      • e.g. for the same nicke(II) ion Kstab(EDTA) > Kstab(en) > Kstab(NH3)

  • VIEW ppts. with OH-, NH3 and CO32-, & complexes, if any, with excess reagent.

  • Other complexes of nickel

    • Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4, is a neutral complex tetrahedrally shaped covalent molecule. Note (i) nickel is in a zero oxidation state and (ii) the ligand CO also acts as ligand with haemoglobin (hemoglobin) in carbon monoxide poisoning.

    • Ni2+ forms the tetrachloronickelate(II) ion, [NiCl4]2-, a tetrahedral anionic complex with the chloride ion (Cl-).

      • [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) ==> [NiCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

      • Kstab = {[NiCl4]2-(aq)} / {[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq)} [Cl-(aq)]4

      • Kstab = ? mol4 dm-12  [lg(Kstab) = ?]

    • Ni2+ forms the tetracyanonickelate(II) ion, [Ni(CN)4]2-, a square planar anionic complex with the cyanide ion (CN-).

      • [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4CN-(aq) ==> [NiCN4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

      • Kstab = {[NiCN4]2-(aq)} / {[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq)} [CN-(aq)]4

      • Kstab = 2 x 1031 mol4 dm-12  [lg(Kstab) = 31.3]

    • Its likely that the more bulky chloride ion (radius Cl > C) 'forces' the formation of the tetrahedral shape rather than a square planar shaped complex.

Scandium * Titanium * Vanadium * Chromium * Manganese * Iron * Cobalt * Nickel * Copper * Zinc * Silver & Platinum

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 ปรับตารางธาตุเคมีหมายเหตุ 10.10 นิกเกิลเคมี บันทึก Revision สำหรับ GCE Advanced Level บริษัท ย่อยตามระดับสูง A2 IB ปรับ AQA GCE เคมี  เคมี Edexcel GCE เคมีปรับหลักสูตรสำหรับนักศึกษาก่อน (เท่ากับบาทชั้น 11 และชั้น 12 และเกียรติยศ / หลักสูตรระดับเกียรตินิยม) ตารางธาตุ * GCSE บันทึกโลหะเปลี่ยน * ความคิดเห็น ns เคมี Part 10 3d block ปรับเปลี่ยนโลหะ sub ดัชนี : 10.1-10.2 Introduction 3d block - โลหะเปลี่ยน * 10.3 Scandium * 10.4 Titanium * 10.5 วาเนเดียม * 10.6 โครเมียม * 10.7 แมงกานีส * 10.8 เหล็ก Cobalt * 10.10 นิกเกิล * 10.11 ทองแดง * 10.12 สังกะสี * 10.13 เปลี่ยนโลหะอื่น ๆ เช่น Ag และ Pt * ภาคผนวก 1 เกลือ Hydrated, กรด of - ไอออนน้ำเฮกซ่า * ภาคผนวก 2 เชิงซ้อนและลิแกนด์ * ภาคผนวก 3 เชิงซ้อนและธาตุ * ภาคผนวก 4 อิเล็กตรอนและทฤษฎีสี * ภาคผนวก 5 ดอกซ์ สมการความเป็นไปได้, E ธ * ภาคผนวก 6 เร่งปฏิกิริยา * ภาคผนวก 7 สมการรีดอกซ์ * ภาคผนวก 8 คงที่ความเสถียรและการเปลี่ยนแปลงเอน โทรปี * ภาคผนวก 9 การเทียบสีและสูตรซับซ้อน ion * ภาคผนวก 10 3d block -- ข้อมูล extended * ภาคผนวก 11 บาง 3d - สารบล็อกเชิงซ้อนรัฐออกซิเดชันและศักยภาพไฟฟ้า * ภาคผนวก 12 ซับซ้อนตะกอนไฮ ดรอกไซ'ภาพ'สูตรและสมการ (thai) * (chinese) 督布朗的化学 元素周期表修订笔记10.10 第10部分。过渡金属三维块：镍化学 无机 第10部分过渡金属三维块分指数：10.1-10.2 介绍三维块过渡金属 * 10.3 钪 * 10.4 钛 * 10.5 钒 * 10.6 铬 * 10.7 锰 * 10.8 铁 * 10.9 钴 * 10.10 镍 * 10.11 铜 * 10.12 锌 * 10.13 其他过渡金属如银，铂 *附录一。 水合盐类，酸度的六配旱厕离子 *附录2。 配合物及配体 *附录3。 配合物的异构 *附录4。 电子配置及颜色理论 * 附录5。 氧化还原方程，可行性，电子ø *附录6。 催化 *附录7。 氧化还原方程式 *附录八。 稳定常数和熵的变化 *附录九。 比色分析和复杂的离子方程式 *附录10 三维块-扩展数据 *附录11 某些3D -块化合物，复合物，氧化状态及电极电位 *附录12 氢氧化物沉淀复杂'图片 '， 公式和方程 * (turkish) Doc's Brown Kimya Periyodik Tablo Revizyon 10,4 Notlar Bölüm 10. Geçiş Metaller 3d blok: Titanium Kimya Ti veri tablosu 1 özet * genişletilmiş titanyum veri tablosu 2 * Titanyum & blok 3d-elektrot potansiyel grafiği Özet titanyum bazı kompleksleri bileşikleri sates oksidasyonu ve elemanları blok karşılaştırıldığında diğer Titanyum kullanan metal için çeşitli ihtisas önemlidir çok. *
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