10.3 Scandium Chemistry

* Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Transition metals 10.3 Scandium Chemistry Doc Brown's

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Part 10. 3d block - Transition Metals - 10.3 Scandium Chemistry

Revision notes for GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level AS Advanced Level A2 IB Revise AQA GCE Chemistry OCR GCE Chemistry Edexcel GCE Chemistry Salters Chemistry CIE Chemistry revising courses for pre-university students (equal to US grade 11 and grade 12 and Honours/honors level courses) GCSE Periodic Table * GCSE notes Transition Metals

INORGANIC Part 10 3d block TRANSITION METALS sub-index: 10.1-10.2 Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals * 10.3 Scandium * 10.4 Titanium * 10.5 Vanadium * 10.6 Chromium * 10.7 Manganese * 10.8 Iron * 10.9 Cobalt * 10.10 Nickel * 10.11 Copper * 10.12 Zinc * 10.13 Other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt * Appendix 1. Hydrated salts, acidity of hexa-aqua ions * Appendix 2. Complexes & ligands * Appendix 3. Complexes and isomerism * Appendix 4. Electron configuration & colour theory * Appendix 5. Redox equations, feasibility, E^ø * Appendix 6. Catalysis * Appendix 7. Redox equations * Appendix 8. Stability Constants and entropy changes * Appendix 9. Colorimetric analysis and complex ion formula * Appendix 10 3d block - extended data * Appendix 11 Some 3d-block compounds, complexes, oxidation states & electrode potentials * Appendix 12 Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures', formulae and equations

Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index * Part 1 Periodic Table history * Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 Period 4 survey K to Kr and important trends down a group * Part 7 s-block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8 p-block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 * Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodicity plots * All 11 Parts have their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages

10.3. Chemistry of Scandium Sc, Z=21, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹4s²

Sc data table 1 summary * extended scandium data table 2 * Scandium & electrode potential chart of 3d-block
Summary of some complexes-compounds & oxidation state of scandium compared to other 3d-block elements
Scandium is not a significant metal.
Scandium's chemistry is entirely based on the +3 oxidation state (Sc³⁺), the result of losing the outer 3d and 4s electrons.
So it forms a typical series of binary compounds with non-metals e.g. Sc₂O₃, ScCl₃ etc.
Scandium dissolves in acids to form salts e.g. scandium chloride from hydrochloric acid.
- 2Sc(s) + 6HCl(aq) ==> 2ScCl₃(aq) + 3H₂(g)
- Note that the Roman numerals (III) are NOT needed in the name, since only one oxidation state is possible and you would be expected to know it.
The scandium(III) ion, Sc³⁺ ion has an empty sub-shell, 3d⁰, which does not allow the electronic transitions which account for the colour in transition metal compounds (see Appendix 4. complex ion colour theory).
The aqueous octahedral hexa-aqua ion, [Sc(H₂O)₆]³⁺ is therefore colourless and with no other oxidation state possible i.e. no ion with an incomplete 3d sub-shell with at least one electron, although a member of the 3d-block, scandium is NOT a true transition metal.
- Apart from the colourless Sc³⁺ and Zn²⁺ all the other M²⁺ or M³⁺ hexaaquaions are coloured.
The aqueous ion Sc³⁺ forms a white scandium hydroxide ppt. with alkali, Sc(OH)₃, which is a basic oxide and not amphoteric i.e. it does not dissolve in excess alkali, but scandium hydroxide readily dissolves in acids to form salts e.g. to form scandium chloride, scandium nitrate or scandium sulphate ...
- Sc(OH)_3(s) + 3HCl_(aq) ==> ScCl_3(aq) + 3H₂O_(l)
- Sc(OH)_3(s) + 3HNO_3(aq) ==> Sc(NO₃)_3(aq) + 3H₂O_(l)
- 2Sc(OH)_3(s) + 3H₂SO_4(aq) ==> Sc₂(SO₄)_3(aq) + 6H₂O_(l)
- The chemistry of scandium is not very colourful or exciting!
- The equations are similar to those for aluminium hydroxide i.e. you can substitute Al for Sc.

Scandium * Titanium * Vanadium * Chromium * Manganese * Iron * Cobalt * Nickel * Copper * Zinc * Silver & Platinum

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