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Doc Brown's Chemistry Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Revision Notes Part 11 Periodic Table selected DATA: of Groups & Series of Elements All my periodic table advanced A level chemistry revision notes All my advanced A level inorganic chemistry revision study notes GCSE Level periodic table revision notes Use your mobile phone or ipad etc. in 'landscape' style This is a BIG website, you need to take time to explore it [SEARCH BOX] |
INORGANIC Part 11 Data page sub-index for this page
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11.1 Some Notes on the Data presented I cannot offer 100% authenticity on the data, values vary from source to source, but I've done my best to sift the sources! na means not applicable or not available. sub means it sublimes (solid ==> gas) on heating. Allotropes are different physical forms of the same element in the same physical state (examples). To convert melting/boiling points to Kelvin, add 273 (K = oC +273) To convert density to kgm-3, multiply by 1000 (kgm-3 = gcm-3 x 1000) IE = ionisation energy, it is the energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom or positive ion (it is always endothermic) e.g.
Atomic or ionic radii are quoted in pm = picometre = 10-12m,
There are some general definitions and rules on radii:
Electronegativity is the electron attracting power of an atom in a covalent bonding situation (the Pauling scale is used here). The lowest values occur with the most reactive metals with the lowest IE's at the lower left of the periodic table. The highest values occur with the most reactive non-metals with the highest IE's at the upper right of the periodic table. The electron configurations are quoted twice, (i) by the number of electrons in each principal shell, (ii) using the more advanced modern s, p, d and f sub-shell notation. The oxidation states quoted, are those most likely to be encountered, but their relative stability is variable and important. In the detailed notes I will point out their relative importance. Detailed notes on oxidation state and redox reaction theory. The electrode potentials (half-cell E values), apart from groups 1 and 2, usually refer to aqueous systems with a pH of 7 or less. Particularly for transition metals, the half-cell values can significantly change from acid to alkaline media, another data problem! Electron Affinity is the energy change associated with a gaseous atom or negative ion gaining an electron e.g.
Bond energy (bond enthalpy) is the energy required to break one mole of a particular bond from a species in its gaseous state (at 298K, 1 atm.). Most values are a typical or average values for gaseous species.
Flame colours have been included for some s-block metals as they are used as simple identity tests (the transition metal copper gives a green flame colour, and some blue) 11.2 Three selected PERIODICITY data-graphs of physical properties
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11.3 The GROUP 1 THE ALKALI METALS
All soft silvery grey solids at room temperature and pressure * detailed advanced level notes * GCSE notes
NOTE: The oxidation state of Group 1 metals in all stable compounds is +1
property\Z symbol, name | 3Li Lithium | 11Na Sodium | 19K Potassium | 37Rb Rubidium | 55Cs Caesium | 87Fr Francium (radioactive) |
Period | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
melting point/oC | 181 | 98 | 64 | 39 | 29 | 27 |
boiling point/oC | 1347 | 883 | 774 | 688 | 679 | 677 |
density/gcm-3 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 1.48 | 1.87 | approx. 2 |
1st IE/kJmol-1 | 513 | 496 | 419 | 403 | 376 | 400 |
2nd IE/kJmol-1 | 7298 | 4562 | 3051 | 2632 | 2420 | 2100 |
atomic metallic radius/pm | 152 | 186 | 231 | 244 | 262 | 270 |
M+ ionic radius/pm | 78 | 98 | 133 | 149 | 165 | 180 |
electronegativity | 0.98 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.70 |
simple electron config. | 2,1 | 2,8,1 | 2,8,8,1 | 2,8,18,8,1 | 2,8,18,18,8,1 | 2,8,18,32,18,8,1 |
advanced electron config. | [He]2s1 | [Ne]3s1 | [Ar]4s1 | [Kr]5s1 | [Xe]6s1 | [Rn]7s1 |
Electrode potential M/M+ | -3.04V | -2.71V | -2.92V | -2.92V | -2.92V | -2.92V |
Symbol - flame colour | Li - red | Na - yellow | K - lilac | Rb - red | Cs - blue | Fr - na |
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation state | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity | Atomic radius pm | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical cond'y | Relative thermal conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | ||||||||||
3Li lithium | M | [He]2s1 | +1 | 181 | 454 | 1347 | 1620 | 0.98 | 152 | 513 | 0.5 | 0.108 | 84.7 |
11Na sodium | M | [Ne]3s1 | +1 | 98 | 371 | 883 | 1156 | 0.93 | 186 | 496 | 1.0 | 0.218 | 141.0 |
19K potassium | M | [Ar]4s1 | +1 | 64 | 337 | 774 | 1047 | 0.82 | 231 | 419 | 0.8 | 0.143 | 102.4 |
37Rb rubidium | M | [Kr]5s1 | +1 | 39 | 312 | 688 | 961 | 0.82 | 244 | 403 | 1.5 | 0.080 | 58.2 |
55Cs caesium | M | [Xe]6s1 | +1 | 29 | 302 | 679 | 952 | 0.79 | 265 | 376 | 1.9 | 0.053 | 35.9 |
87Fr francium | M | [Rn]7s1 | +1 | 27 | 300 | 677 | 950 | 0.70 | 270 | 400 | 2.0 | 0.014 | 15.0 |
11.4 The GROUP 2 THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS
All silvery grey solids at room temperature and pressure * detailed advanced level chemistry notes
NOTE: The oxidation state of Group 2 metals in all stable compounds is +2
property\Zsymbol, name | 4Be Beryllium | 12Mg Magnesium | 20Ca Calcium | 38Sr Strontium | 56Ba Barium | 88Ra Radium (radioactive) |
Period | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
melting pt./oC | 1278 | 649 | 839 | 769 | 729 | 700 |
boiling pt./oC | 2760 | 1090 | 1484 | 1384 | 1637 | 1140 |
density/gcm-3 | 1.85 | 1.74 | 1.55 | 2.54 | 3.51 | 5.0 |
1st IE/ kJmol-1 | 900 | 738 | 590 | 550 | 503 | 509 ? |
2nd IE/kJmol-1 | 1757 | 1451 | 1145 | 1064 | 965 | 979 |
3rd IE/kJmol-1 | 14848 | 7733 | 4910 | 4210 | 3600 | 3300 |
atomic metallic radius/pm | 111 | 160 | 197 | 215 | 217 | 223 |
M2+ ionic radius/pm | 34 | 78 | 106 | 127 | 143 | 152 |
electronegativity | 1.57 | 1.31 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
simple electron config. | 2,2 | 2,8,2 | 2,8,8,2 | 2,8,18,8,2 | 2,8,18,18,8,2 | 2,8,18,32,18,8,2 |
advanced electron config. | [He]2s2 | [Ne]3s2 | [Ar]4s2 | [Kr]5s2 | [Xe]6s2 | [Rn]7s2 |
Electrode pot'ial M/M2+ | -1.97V | -2.36V | -2.84V | -2.89V | -2.92V | -2.92V |
Symbol - flame colour | Be - na | Mg - na | Ca - brick-red | Sr - crimson | Ba apple-green | Ra - na |
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation state | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity | Atomic radius pm | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | |||||||||
4Be beryllium | M | [He]2s2 | +2 | 1278 | 1551 | 2970 | 3243 | 1.57 | 111 | 900 | 1.8 | 0.250 |
12Mg magnesium | M | [Ne]3s2 | +2 | 649 | 922 | 1090 | 1363 | 1.31 | 160 | 738 | 1.7 | 0.224 |
20Ca calcium | M | [Ar]4s2 | +2 | 839 | 1112 | 1484 | 1757 | 1.00 | 197 | 590 | 1.6 | 0.218 |
38Sr strontium | M | [Kr]5s2 | +2 | 769 | 1042 | 1384 | 1657 | 0.95 | 215 | 550 | 2.5 | 0.043 |
56Ba barium | M | [Xe]6s2 | +2 | 729 | 1002 | 1637 | 1910 | 0.89 | 215 | 503 | 3.6 | 0.016 |
88Ra radium | M | [Rn]7s2 | +2 | 700 | 973 | 1140 | 1413 | 0.89 | 223 | 509 | 5.0 | 0.010 |
11.5 THE 1st TRANSITION SERIES of METALS - 3d block - Period 4
(top elements groups 3-12 in future classification) * GCSE notes * Advanced A Level Chemistry Notes
Z and symbol | 21 Sc | 22 Ti | 23 V | 24 Cr | 25 Mn | 26 Fe | 27 Co | 28 Ni | 29 Cu | 30 Zn |
property\name | scandium | titanium | vanadium | chromium | manganese | iron | cobalt | nickel | copper | zinc |
melting pt./oC | 1541 | 1668 | 1910 | 1857 | 1246 | 1538 | 1495 | 1455 | 1083 | 420 |
boiling pt./oC | 2836 | 3287 | 3380 | 2672 | 1962 | 2861 | 2870 | 2730 | 2567 | 907 |
density/gcm-3 | 2.99 | 4.54 | 6.11 | 7.19 | 7.33 | 7.87 | 8.90 | 8.90 | 8.92 | 7.13 |
1st IE/kJmol-1 | 631 | 658 | 650 | 653 | 717 | 759 | 760 | 737 | 745 | 906 |
2nd IE/kJmol-1 | 1235 | 1310 | 1414 | 1592 | 1509 | 1561 | 1646 | 1753 | 1958 | 1733 |
3rd IE/kJmol-1 | 2389 | 2652 | 2828 | 2987 | 3248 | 2957 | 3232 | 3393 | 3554 | 3832 |
4th IE/kJmol-1 | 7089 | 4175 | 4507 | 4740 | 4940 | 5290 | 4950 | 5300 | 5326 | 5730 |
5th IE/kJmol-1 | 8844 | 9573 | 6294 | 6690 | 6990 | 7240 | 7670 | 7280 | 7709 | 7970 |
atomic radius/pm | 161 | 145 | 132 | 125 | 124 | 124 | 125 | 125 | 128 | 133 |
M2+ ionic rad/pm | na | 90 | 88 | 84 | 80 | 76 | 74 | 72 | 69 | 74 |
M3+ ionic rad/pm | 81 | 76 | 74 | 69 | 66 | 64 | 63 | 62 | na | na |
M4+ ionic rad/pm | na | 68 | 60 | 56 | 54 | na | na | na | na | na |
oxidation states | +3 only | +2,3,4 | +2,3,4,5 | +2,3,6 | +2,3,4,6,7 | +2,+3, 6 | +2,+3 | +2,+3 | +1,+2 | +2 only |
electron config'n | 2,8,9,2 | 2,8,10,2 | 2,8,11,2 | 2,8,13,1 | 2,8,13,2 | 2,8,14,2 | 2,8,15,2 | 2,8,16,2 | 2,8,18,1 | 2,8,18,2 |
advanced el'n config'n [Ar]... | 3d14s2 | 3d24s2 | 3d34s2 | 3d54s1 | 3d54s2 | 3d64s2 | 3d74s2 | 3d84s2 | 3d104s1 | 3d104s2 |
Elec'de p'l M(s)/M2+(aq) | na | -1.63V | -1.18V | -0.90V | -1.18V | -0.44V | -0.28V | -0.26V | +0.34V | -0.76V |
Elec'de p'l M(s)/M3+(aq) | -2.03V | -1.21V | -0.85V | -0.74V | -0.28V | -0.04V | +0.40 | na | na | na |
El'de p'l M2+(aq)/M3+(aq) | na | -0.37V | -0.26V | -0.42V | +1.52V | +0.77V | +1.87V | na | na | na |
electronegativity | 1.36 | 1.54 | 1.63 | 1.66 | 1.55 | 1.83 | 1.88 | 1.91 | 1.90 | 1.65 |
Z and symbol | 21 Sc | 22 Ti | 23 V | 24 Cr | 25 Mn | 26 Fe | 27 Co | 28 Ni | 29 Cu | 30 Zn |
11.6 The GROUP 3 (13) Non-metals to metals Group 3/13 Introduction – emphasis on boron and aluminium
Only boron is a true non-metal, the rest are basically metals with a little non-metallic chemical character
property\Zsymbol, name | 5B Boron | 13Al Aluminium | 31Ga Gallium | 49In Indium | 81Tl Thallium |
Period | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Appearance (RTP) | brown solid | silvery solid | silvery solid | silvery solid | silvery solid |
melting pt./oC | 2300 | 661 | 30 | 156 | 304 |
boiling pt./oC | 3659 | 2467 | 2400 | 2080 | 1457 |
density/gcm-3 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 11.9 |
1st IE/ kJmol-1 | 801 | 577 | 579 | 558 | 589 |
2nd IE/kJmol-1 | 2420 | 1820 | 1980 | 1820 | 1970 |
3rd IE/kJmol-1 | 3660 | 2740 | 2960 | 2700 | 2870 |
4th IE/kJmol-1 | 25000 | 11600 | 6190 | 5230 | 4900 |
atomic metallic radius/pm | 90 (cov) | 143 (125 cov) | 153 | 163 | 170 |
M+ radius/pm | na | na | 113 | 132 | 145 |
M3+ radius/pm | na | 57 | 62 | 92 | 105 |
El'de p'l M(s)/M+(aq) | na | na | na | -0.13V | -0.34V |
El'de p'l M(s)/M3+(aq) | na | -1.66V | -0.53V | -0.34V | +0.72V |
El'de p'l M+(aq)/M3+(aq) | na | na | na | -0.44V | +1.25V |
electronegativity | 2.04 | 1.61 | 1.81 | 1.76 | 1.80 |
simple electron config. | 2,3 | 2,8,3 | 2,8,18,3 | 2,8,18,18,3 | 2,8,18,32,18,3 |
electron configuration | [He]2s22p1 | [Ne]3s23p1 | [Ar]3d104s24p1 | [Kr]4d105s25p1 | [Xe]4f145d106s26p1 |
principal oxidation states | +3 | +3 | +1, +3 | +1, +3 | +1, +3 |
property\Zsymbol, name | 5B Boron | 13Al Aluminium | 31Ga Gallium | 49In Indium | 81Tl Thallium |
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation state | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity | Atomic radius pm | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | |||||||||
5B boron | NM | [He]2s22p1 | +/-3 | 2300 | 2573 | 3659 | 3932 | 2.04 | 88 | 801 | 2.3 | <0.001 |
13Al aluminium | M | [Ne]3s23p1 | +3 | 661 | 934 | 2467 | 2740 | 1.61 | 143 | 577 | 2.7 | 0.382 |
31Ga gallium | M | [Ar]3d104s24p1 | +1, +3 | 30 | 303 | 2400 | 2673 | 1.81 | 122 | 579 | 5.9 | 0.058 |
49In indium | M | [Kr]4d105s25p1 | +1, +3 | 156 | 429 | 2080 | 2353 | 1.78 | 163 | 558 | 7.3 | 0.111 |
81Tl thallium | M | [Xe]4f145d106s26p1 | +1, +3 | 304 | 577 | 1457 | 1730 | 1.80 | 170 | 589 | 11.9 | 0.055 |
11.7 GROUP 4 (14) Non-metals to metals Group 4/14 Introduction – emphasis on carbon & silicon – semi–metals e.g. Ge
Carbon and silicon are essentially non-metals, germanium is a metalloid.
Tin is basically metallic with a little non-metallic chemical character, lead is a metal.
property\Zsymbol, name | 6C carbon | 14Si Silicon | 32Ge Germanium | 50Sn Tin | 82Pb Lead |
Period | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Appearance (RTP) | soft black solid (graphite) / hard clear light coloured crystal (diamond) | black amorphous powder or blue-grey metalloid - pure for semi-conductors | silvery white brittle metal | soft silvery metal | soft grey dull-silvery metal |
melting pt./oC | 3547 sub | 1410 | 937 | 232 | 328 |
boiling pt./oC | 4827 sub | 2355 | 2830 | 2270 | 1740 |
density/ gcm-3 | 2.3 (graphite)/3.5 (diamond) | 2.3 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 11.4 |
1st IE/ kJmol-1 | 1086 | 786 | 762 | 709 | 716 |
2nd IE/kJmol-1 | 2350 | 1580 | 1540 | 1410 | 1450 |
3rd IE/kJmol-1 | 4610 | 3230 | 3300 | 2940 | 3080 |
4th IE/kJmol-1 | 6220 | 4360 | 4390 | 2930 | 4080 |
5th IE/kJmol-1 | 37800 | 16000 | 8950 | 7780 | 6700 |
atomic covalent or metallic radius/pm | 77 (cov) | 117 (cov) | 139 (met) | 158 (met) | 175 (met) |
M2+ radius/pm | na | na | 90 | 93 | 132 |
M4+ radius/pm | na | na | na | 74 | 84 |
El'de p'l M(s)/M2+(aq) | na | na | -0.25V | -0.14V | -0.13V |
El'de p'l M2+(aq)/M4+(aq) | na | na | 0.00V | +0.15V | +1.69V |
electronegativity | 2.55 | 1.90 | 2.01 | 1.96 | 2.33 |
simple electron config. | 2,4 | 2,8,4 | 2,8,18,4 | 2,8,18,18,4 | 2,8,18,32,18,3 |
electron configuration | [He]2s22p2 | [Ne]3s23p2 | [Ar]3d104s24p2 | [Kr]4d105s25p2 | [Xe]4f145d106s26p2 |
principal oxidation states | e.g. -4 CH4, +2 CO, +4 CO2 | +4 | +2, +4 | +2, +4 | +2, +4 |
property\Zsymbol, name | 6C carbon | 14Si Silicon | 32Ge Germanium | 50Sn Tin | 82Pb Lead |
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation state | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity | Atomic radius pm | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | |||||||||
6C carbon | NM | [He]2s22p2 | +/-4 (+2) | 3547 | 3820 | 4827 | 5100 | 2.55 | 77 | 1086 | 2.3 | 0.001 |
14Si silicon | NM | [Ne]3s23p2 | +4 | 1410 | 1683 | 2355 | 2628 | 1.90 | 117 | 786 | 2.3 | <0.001 |
32Ge germanium | SM | [Ar]3d104s24p2 | +2, +4 | 937 | 1210 | 2830 | 3103 | 2.01 | 122 | 762 | 5.3 | <0.001 |
50Sn tin | M | [Kr]4d105s25p2 | +2, +4 | 232 | 505 | 2270 | 2543 | 1.96 | 141 | 709 | 5.8 | 0.088 |
82Pb lead | M | [Xe]4f145d106s26p2 | +2, +4 | 328 | 601 | 1740 | 2013 | 2.33 | 175 | 716 | 11.4 | 0.046 |
11.8 The GROUP 5 (15) Non-metals to metals Group 5/15 Introduction – emphasis on nitrogen and phosphorus
Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony are semi-metals, bismuth is a metal.
property\Zsymbol, name | 7N Nitrogen | 15P Phosphorus | 33As Arsenic | 51Sb Antimony | 83Bi Bismuth |
Period | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Appearance (RTP) | colourless gas | white/red solid allotropes | grey solid (other yellow/black allotropes) | grey metalloid solid (other yellow allotrope) | silver-white brittle metal |
melting pt./oC | -210 | 44 | sublimes | 631 | 272 |
boiling pt./oC | -1.96 | 280 | 616? | 1635 | 1560 |
density/gcm-3 | <0.1 | 1.8 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 9.7 |
1st IE/ kJmol-1 | 1402 | 1060 | 947 | 834 | 703 |
2nd IE/kJmol-1* | |||||
3rd IE/kJmol-1* | |||||
4th IE/kJmol-1* | |||||
atomic covalent or metallic radius/pm | 75 (cov) | 110 (cov) | 122 (cov) | 143 (cov), 161 (met) | 182 (met) |
X3- ion radius/pm | 171 | 212 | na | na | na |
electronegativity | 3.04 | 2.19 | 2.18 | 2.05 | 2.02 |
simple electron config. | 2,5 | 2,8,5 | 2,8,8,5 | 2,8,18,18,5 | 2,8,18,32,18,5 |
electron configuration | [He]2s22p3 | [Ne]3s23p3 | [Ar]3d104s24p3 | [Kr]4d105s25p3 | [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 |
principal oxidation states | -3 to +5 | -3, +3, +5 | +3, +5 | +3, +5 | +3, (+5) |
property\Zsymbol, name | 7N Nitrogen | 15P Phosphorus | 33As Arsenic | 51Sb Antimony | 83Bi Bismuth |
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation states | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity | Atomic radius pm | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | |||||||||
7N nitrogen | NM | [He]2s22p3 | -3 to +5 | -210 | 63 | -196 | 77 | 3.04 | 70 | 1402 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
15P phosphorus | NM | [Ne]3s23p3 | +3, +5 | 44 | 317 | 280 | 553 | 2.19 | 110 | 1060 | 1.8 | <0.001 |
33As arsenic | SM | [Ar]3d104s24p3 | +3, +5 | sub | sub | sub | sub | 2.18 | 121 | 947 | 5.8 | 0.029 |
51Sb antimony | SM | [Kr]4d105s25p3 | +3, +5 | 631 | 904 | 1635 | 1908 | 2.05 | 182 | 834 | 6.7 | 0.026 |
83Bi bismuth | M | [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 | +3, +5 | 272 | 545 | 1560 | 1833 | 2.02 | 155 | 703 | 9.7 | 0.009 |
11.9 The GROUP 6 (16) Non-metals to metals Group 6/16 Introduction – emphasis on oxygen and sulfur
Oxygen and sulphur are non-metals, selenium and tellurium are semi-metals, polonium is essentially a metal.
property\Zsymbol, name | 8O Oxygen | 16S Sulphur | 34Se Selenium | 52Te Tellurium | 84Po Polonium (radioactive) |
Period | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Appearance (RTP) | colourless gas | yellow solid (monoclinic/rhombic allotropes) | silver metalloid or red powder allotropes | silver white metalloid | radioactive silvery solid |
melting pt./oC | -218 | 117 | 217 | 450 | 254 |
boiling pt./oC | -183 | 445 | 685 | 990 | 962 |
density/gcm-3 | <0.1 | 2.1 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 9.3 |
1st IE/ kJmol-1 | 1314 | 1000 | 941 | 869 | 812 |
2nd IE/kJmol-1* | |||||
3rd IE/kJmol-1* | |||||
4th IE/kJmol-1* | |||||
atomic covalent or metallic radius/pm | 73 (cov) | 102 (cov) | 117 (cov), 190 (met) | 135 (cov), 210 (met) | 167 (cov), ? (met) |
X2- ion radius/pm | 140 | 184 | 198 | 221 | 230 |
electronegativity | 3.44 | 2.58 | 2.55 | 2.10 | 2.00 |
simple electron config. Ar]... | 2,6 | 2,8,6 | 2,8,8,6 | 2,8,18,18,6 | 2,8,18,32,18,6 |
electron configuration | [He]2s22p4 | [Ne]3s23p4 | [Ar]3d104s24p4 | [Kr]4d105s25p4 | [Xe]4f145d106s26p4 |
principal oxidation states | -2, +1, (+2) | -2, +2, +4, +6 | -2, +2, +4, +6 | -2, +2, +4, +6 | -2, +2, +4, +6 |
property\Zsymbol, name | 8O Oxygen | 16S Sulphur | 34Se Selenium | 52Te Tellurium | 84Po Polonium |
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation state | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity | Atomic radius pm | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | |||||||||
8O oxygen | NM | [He]2s22p4 | -1, -2 | -218 | 55 | -183 | 90 | 3.44 | 66 | 1314 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
16S sulphur | NM | [Ne]3s23p4 | -2, +4, +6 | 117 | 390 | 445 | 718 | 2.58 | 104 | 1000 | 2.1 | <0.001 |
34Se selenium | SM | [Ar]3d104s24p4 | +4, +6 | 217 | 490 | 685 | 958 | 2.55 | 117 | 941 | 4.8 | 0.080 |
52Te tellurium | SM | [Kr]4d105s25p4 | +4, +6 | 450 | 723 | 990 | 1263 | 2.10 | 143 | 869 | 6.2 | <0.001 |
84Po polonium | M | [Xe]4f145d106s26p4 | +2, +4, +6 | 254 | 527 | 962 | 1235 | 2.00 | 167 | 812 | 9.3 | 0.020 |
11.10 The GROUP 7 (17) THE HALOGENS non-metals Group 7/17 The Halogens * GCSE notes help with the basics
property\Z X, name | 9F fluorine | 17Cl chlorine | 35Br bromine | 53I iodine | 85At astatine (radioactive) |
Period | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
appearance | pale yellow gas | pale green gas | dark red liquid, orange-brown gas | dark grey solid, purple vapour | black solid, very dark vapour on heating |
melting point/oC | -219 | -101 | -7 | 114 | 302 |
boiling point/oC | -188 | -34 | 59 | 184 | 380 |
density/gcm-3 | 1.1(l) | 1.56(l) | 3.12(l) | 4.93(s) | approx 7.5(s) |
1st IE/kJmol-1 | 1681 | 1251 | 1140 | 1010 | 920 |
atomic covalent radius/pm | 64 | 99 | 114 | 133 | 140 |
Van der Waal radius | 155 | 180 | 190 | 195 | na |
X- ionic radius/pm | 136 | 181 | 195 | 216 | 227 |
X-X(g)bond energy kJmol-1 | 158 | 242 | 193 | 151 | 110 |
H-X(g)bond energy kJmol-1 | 562 | 431 | 366 | 299 | na |
C-X(g)bond energy kJmol-1 | 484 | 338 | 276 | 238 | na |
electronegativity | 3.98 | 3.16 | 2.96 | 2.66 | 2.20 |
electron config. | 2.7 | 2.8.7 | 2.8.18.7 | 2.8.18.18.7 | 2.8.18.32.18.7 |
electron configuration | 1s22s22p5 | [Ne]3s23p5 | [Ar]3d104s24p5 | [Kr]4d105s25p5 | [Xe]4f145d106s26p5 |
known oxidation states | -1 only | -1,+1,3,4,5,7 | -1,+1,3,4,5,6,7 | -1,+1,3,5,7 | -1, +1, +3 |
Electrode potential X2/X- | +2.87V | +1.36V | +1.07V | +0.54V | 0.20 |
Electron affinity/kJmol-1 | F -348 | Cl -364 | Br -342 | I -314 | At -270 |
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation state | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity | Atomic radius pm | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | |||||||||
9F fluorine | NM | [He]2s22p5 | -1 | -219 | 54 | -188 | 85 | 3.98 | 64 | 1681 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
17Cl chlorine | NM | [Ne]3s23p5 | -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 | -101 | 172 | -34 | 239 | 3.16 | 99 | 1251 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
35Br bromine | NM | [Ar]3d104s24p5 | -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 | -7 | 266 | 59 | 332 | 2.96 | 114 | 1140 | 3.1 | <0.001 |
53I iodine | NM | [Kr]4d105s25p5 | -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | 114 | 387 | 184 | 457 | 2.66 | 133 | 1010 | 4.9 | <0.001 |
85At astatine | NM | [Xe]4f145d106s26p5 | -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | 302 | 575 | 337 | 610 | 2.20 | 140 | 930 | 7.5 | <0.001 |
11.11 The GROUP 0 (18) THE NOBLE GASES non-metals Group 0/18 The Noble Gases
They are all colourless gases at room temperature and pressure * GCSE notes, helps with the basics
property\Z symbol, name | 2He helium | 10Ne neon | 18Ar argon | 36Kr krypton | 54Xe xenon | 86Rn radon (radioactive) |
Period | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
melting point/oC | -272 | -249 | -189 | -157 | -112 | -71 |
boiling point/oC | -269 | -246 | -186 | -152 | -108 | -62 |
density/gcm-3(liquid) | 0.12 | 1.21 | 1.40 | 2.16 | 3.50 | na |
1st IE/kJmol-1 | 2370 | 2080 | 1520 | 1350 | 1170 | 1040 |
electron configuration | 2 | 2.8 | 2.8.8 | 2.8.18.8 | 2.8.18.18.8 | 2.8.18.32.18.8 |
electron configuration | 1s2 | 1s22s22p6 | [Ne]3s23p6 | [Ar]3d104s24p6 | [Kr]4d105s25p6 | [Xe]4f145d106s26p6 |
known oxidation states | non stable | non stable | non stable | an unstable +2 | +2,4,6,8 | na |
electronegativity (i) | 5.50 | 4.84 | 3.20 | 2.94 | 2.40 | 2.1 |
atomic covalent radius/pm (ii) | He 49 | Ne 51 | Ar 94 | Kr 109 | Xe 130 | Rn 136 |
Note (i) Theoretical estimates of Pauling electronegativities
(ii) He to Ar, Kr?, theoretical calculations of atomic radius.
ZElement | Electron configuration | Oxidation state | Melting Point | Boiling Point | Pauling electro-negativity (ii) | Atomic radius pm (i) | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Density g/cm3 | Relative electrical conductivity | |||
oC | K | oC | K | |||||||||
2He helium | NM | 1s2 | - | -272 | 1 | -269 | 4 | 5.50 | 49 | 2372 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
10Ne neon | NM | [He]2s22p6 | - | -249 | 24 | -246 | 27 | 4.84 | 51 | 2081 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
18Ar argon | NM | [Ne]3s23p6 | - | -189 | 84 | -186 | 87 | 3.20 | 94 | 1520 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
36Kr krypton | NM | [Ar]3d104s24p6 | - | -157 | 116 | -152 | 121 | 2.94 | 109 | 1520 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
54Xe xenon | NM | [Kr]4d105s25p6 | +2, +4, +6, +8 | -112 | 161 | -105 | 168 | 2.40 | 130 | 1170 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
86Rn radon | NM | [Xe]4f145d106s26p6 | - | -71 | 202 | -62 | 211 | 2.10 | 136 | 1037 | <0.1 | <0.001 |
11.12 The full modern Periodic Table
Pd | s-block metals | 3d to 6d blocks of Transition Metals (Periods 4 to 7), note that the 1st (d1) and 10th (d10) are NOT true transition elements. | p-block non-metals and metals | |||||||||||||||
Gp1 | Gp2 | Gp3/*13 | Gp4/*14 | Gp5/*15 | Gp6/*16 | Gp7/*17 | Gp0/*18 | |||||||||||
1 |
1H Note: (i) H does not readily fit into any group, (ii) He not strictly a 'p' element but does belong in Gp 0/18 |
2He | ||||||||||||||||
2 | 3Li | 4Be | Full IUPAC modern Periodic Table of Elements ZSymbol, z = atomic or proton number | 5B | 6C | 7N | 8O | 9F | 10Ne | |||||||||
3 | 11Na | 12Mg | *Gp3 | *Gp4 | *Gp5 | *Gp6 | *Gp7 | *Gp8 | *Gp9 | *Gp10 | *Gp11 | *Gp12 | 13Al | 14Si | 15P | 16S | 17Cl | 18Ar |
4 | 19K | 20Ca | 21Sc | 22Ti | 23V | 24Cr | 25Mn | 26Fe | 27Co | 28Ni | 29Cu | 30Zn | 31Ga | 32Ge | 33As | 34Se | 35Br | 36Kr |
5 | 37Rb | 38Sr | 39Y | 40Zr | 41Nb | 42Mo | 43Tc | 44Ru | 45Rh | 46Pd | 47Ag | 48Cd | 49In | 50Sn | 51Sb | 52Te | 53I | 54Xe |
6 | 55Cs | 56Ba | *57-71 | 72Hf | 73Ta | 74W | 75Re | 76Os | 77Ir | 78Pt | 79Au | 80Hg | 81Tl | 82Pb | 83Bi | 84Po | 85At | 86Rn |
7 | 87Fr | 88Ra | *89-103 | 104Rf | 105Db | 106Sg | 107Bh | 108Hs | 109Mt | 110Ds | 111Rg | 112Cn | 113Uut | 114Fl | 115Uup | 116Lv | 117Uus | 118Uuo |
Gp
1 Alkali Metals Gp 2 Alkaline Earth Metals Gp 7/17 Halogens Gp 0/18 Noble Gases Take note of the four points on the right |
||||||||||||||||||
*57La | 58Ce | 59Pr | 60Nd | 61Pm | 62Sm | 63Eu | 64Gd | 65Tb | 66Dy | 67Ho | 68Er | 69Tm | 70Yb | 71Lu | ||||
*89Ac | 90Th | 91Pa | 92U | 93Np | 94Pu | 95Am | 96Cm | 97Bk | 98Cf | 99Es | 100Fm | 101Md | 102No | 103Lr | ||||
*Horizontal insert in Period 6 of the Lanthanide Metal Series (Lanthanides/Lanthanoids) Z=57 to 71 includes 4f-block series (58-71). *Horizontal insert in Period 7 of the Actinide Series of Metals (Actinides/Actinoids) Z=89-103 including the 5f-block series (90-103) |
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11.13 PERIOD DATA TABLES
Period 1 H to He * Period 1 Survey Notes
Atomic number | Element symbol | Element name | Melting Point oC | Melting Point K | Boiling Point oC | Boiling Point K | Pauling electro-negativity | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Atomic radius pm | Relative electrical conductivity | Density g/cm3 |
1 | H | hydrogen | -259 | 14 | -253 | 20 | 2.20 | 1312 | 37 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
2 | He | helium | -272 | 1 | -269 | 4 | 5.50 | 2372 | 49 | <0.000 | <0.1 |
Period 2 Li to Ne * Period 2 Survey Notes
Element | Lithium | Beryllium | Boron | Carbon | Nitrogen | Oxygen | Fluorine | Neon |
1st ionization energy (kJ mol-1) | 513 | 900 | 801 | 1086 | 1402 | 1314 | 1681 | 2081 |
Atomic radius (pm, /1000 for nm) | 152 | 111 | 88 | 77 | 70 | 66 | 64 | 51 |
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) | 0.98 | 1.57 | 2.04 | 2.55 | 3.04 | 3.44 | 3.98 | 4.84 |
Melting Point (K) | 454 | 1551 | 2573 | 3820 | 63 | 55 | 54 | 24 |
Boiling Point (K) | 1620 | 3243 | 3932 | 5100 | 77 | 90 | 85 | 27 |
Relative electrical conductivity | 0.150 | 0.250 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Density (g cm-3) | 0.5 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 20 covering Periods 1-3 and start of Period 4
Period 3 Na to Ar * Period 3 Survey Notes
Element | Sodium | Magnesium | Aluminium | Silicon | Phosphorus | Sulfur | Chlorine | Argon |
1st ionization energy (kJ mol-1) | 496 | 738 | 577 | 786 | 1080 | 1000 | 1251 | 1520 |
Atomic radius (pm, /1000 for nm) | 186 | 160 | 143 | 117 | 110 | 104 | 99 | 94 |
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) | 0.93 | 1.31 | 1.61 | 1.90 | 2.19 | 2.58 | 3.16 | 3.20 |
Melting Point (K) | 371 | 922 | 934 | 1683 | 317 | 390 | 172 | 84 |
Boiling Point (K) | 1156 | 1363 | 2740 | 2628 | 553 | 718 | 239 | 87 |
Relative electrical conductivity | 0.218 | 0.224 | 0.382 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Density (g cm-3) | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 20 covering Periods 1-3 and start of Period 4
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 38 covering Periods 1-4 and start of Period 5
Period 4 K to Kr
Z | symbol | Name | mpt/oC | mpt/K | bpt/oC | bpt/K | Pauling electro-negativity | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Atomic radius pm | Relative electrical conductivity | Density g/cm3 |
19 | K | potassium | 64 | 337 | 774 | 1047 | 0.82 | 419 | 231 | 0.143 | 0.8 |
20 | Ca | calcium | 839 | 1112 | 1484 | 1757 | 1.00 | 590 | 197 | 0.218 | 1.6 |
21 | Sc | scandium | 1541 | 1814 | 2836 | 3109 | 1.36 | 631 | 161 | 0.015 | 3.0 |
22 | Ti | titanium | 1668 | 1941 | 3287 | 3650 | 1.54 | 658 | 145 | 0.024 | 4.5 |
23 | V | vanadium | 1910 | 2183 | 3380 | 3653 | 1.63 | 650 | 132 | 0.040 | 6.1 |
24 | Cr | chromium | 1857 | 2130 | 2672 | 2945 | 1.66 | 653 | 125 | 0.078 | 7.2 |
25 | Mn | manganese | 1246 | 1519 | 1962 | 2235 | 1.55 | 717 | 124 | 0.054 | 7.4 |
26 | Fe | iron | 1538 | 1811 | 2861 | 3134 | 1.83 | 759 | 124 | 0.100 | 7.9 |
27 | Co | cobalt | 1495 | 1768 | 2870 | 3143 | 1.88 | 760 | 125 | 0.160 | 8.9 |
28 | Ni | nickel | 1455 | 1728 | 2730 | 3003 | 1.91 | 737 | 125 | 0.145 | 8.9 |
29 | Cu | copper | 1083 | 1356 | 2567 | 2840 | 1.90 | 745 | 128 | 0.593 | 9.0 |
30 | Zn | zinc | 420 | 693 | 907 | 1180 | 1.65 | 906 | 133 | 0.167 | 7.1 |
31 | Ga | gallium | 30 | 303 | 2400 | 2673 | 1.81 | 579 | 122 | 0.058 | 5.9 |
32 | Ge | germanium | 937 | 1210 | 2830 | 3103 | 2.01 | 762 | 122 | <0.001 | 5.3 |
33 | As | arsenic | sublimes 616oC/889K | 2.18 | 947 | 121 | 0.029 | 5.8 | |||
34 | Se | selenium | 217 | 490 | 685 | 958 | 2.55 | 941 | 117 | 0.080 | 4.8 |
35 | Br | bromine | -7 | 266 | 59 | 332 | 2.96 | 1140 | 114 | <0.001 | 3.1 |
36 | Kr | krypton | -157 | 116 | -152 | 121 | 2.94 | 1520 | 109 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 38 covering Periods 1-4 and start of Period 5
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 96 covering Periods 1-6 and start of Period 7
Data for elements Z = 1 to Z = 96
Pd | Atomic number | Element symbol | Element name | Melting Point oC | Melting Point K | Boiling Point oC | Boiling Point K | Pauling electro-negativity | 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol | Atomic radius pm | Relative electrical conductivity | Density g/cm3 |
1 | 1 | H | hydrogen | -259 | 14 | -253 | 20 | 2.20 | 1312 | 37 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
1 | 2 | He | helium | -272 | 1 | -269 | 4 | 5.50 | 2372 | 49 | <0.000 | <0.1 |
2 | 3 | Li | lithium | 181 | 454 | 1347 | 1620 | 0.98 | 513 | 152 | 0.108 | 0.5 |
2 | 4 | Be | beryllium | 1278 | 1551 | 2487 | 2760 | 1.57 | 900 | 111 | 0.250 | 1.8 |
2 | 5 | B | boron | 2300 | 2573 | 3659 | 3932 | 2.04 | 801 | 88 | <0.001 | 2.3 |
2 | 6 | C | carbon | 3547 | 3820 | 4827 | 5100 | 2.55 | 1086 | 77 | 0.001 | 2.3 |
2 | 7 | N | nitrogen | -210 | 63 | -196 | 77 | 3.04 | 1402 | 70 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
2 | 8 | O | oxygen | -218 | 55 | -183 | 90 | 3.44 | 1314 | 66 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
2 | 9 | F | fluorine | -219 | 54 | -188 | 85 | 3.98 | 1681 | 64 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
2 | 10 | Ne | neon | -249 | 24 | -246 | 27 | 4.84 | 2081 | 51 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
3 | 11 | Na | sodium | 98 | 371 | 883 | 1156 | 0.93 | 496 | 186 | 0.218 | 1.0 |
3 | 12 | Mg | magnesium | 649 | 922 | 1090 | 1363 | 1.31 | 738 | 160 | 0.224 | 1.7 |
3 | 13 | Al | aluminium | 661 | 934 | 2467 | 2740 | 1.61 | 577 | 143 | 0.382 | 2.7 |
3 | 14 | Si | silicon | 1410 | 1683 | 2355 | 2628 | 1.90 | 786 | 117 | <0.001 | 2.3 |
3 | 15 | P | phosphorus | 44 | 317 | 280 | 553 | 2.19 | 1060 | 110 | <0.001 | 1.8 |
3 | 16 | S | sulphur | 117 | 390 | 445 | 718 | 2.58 | 1000 | 104 | <0.001 | 2.1 |
3 | 17 | Cl | chlorine | -101 | 172 | -34 | 239 | 3.16 | 1251 | 99 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
3 | 18 | Ar | argon | -189 | 84 | -186 | 87 | 3.20 | 1520 | 94 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
4 | 19 | K | potassium | 64 | 337 | 774 | 1047 | 0.82 | 419 | 231 | 0.143 | 0.8 |
4 | 20 | Ca | calcium | 839 | 1112 | 1484 | 1757 | 1.00 | 590 | 197 | 0.218 | 1.6 |
4 | 21 | Sc | scandium | 1541 | 1814 | 2836 | 3109 | 1.36 | 631 | 161 | 0.015 | 3.0 |
4 | 22 | Ti | titanium | 1668 | 1941 | 3287 | 3560 | 1.54 | 658 | 145 | 0.024 | 4.5 |
4 | 23 | V | vanadium | 1910 | 2183 | 3380 | 3653 | 1.63 | 650 | 132 | 0.040 | 6.1 |
4 | 24 | Cr | chromium | 1857 | 2130 | 2672 | 2945 | 1.66 | 653 | 125 | 0.078 | 7.2 |
4 | 25 | Mn | manganese | 1246 | 1519 | 1962 | 2235 | 1.55 | 717 | 124 | 0.054 | 7.4 |
4 | 26 | Fe | iron | 1538 | 1811 | 2861 | 3134 | 1.83 | 759 | 124 | 0.100 | 7.9 |
4 | 27 | Co | cobalt | 1495 | 1768 | 2870 | 3143 | 1.88 | 760 | 125 | 0.160 | 8.9 |
4 | 28 | Ni | nickel | 1455 | 1728 | 2730 | 3003 | 1.91 | 737 | 125 | 0.145 | 8.9 |
4 | 29 | Cu | copper | 1083 | 1356 | 2567 | 2840 | 1.90 | 745 | 128 | 0.593 | 9.0 |
4 | 30 | Zn | zinc | 420 | 693 | 907 | 1180 | 1.65 | 906 | 133 | 0.167 | 7.1 |
4 | 31 | Ga | gallium | 30 | 303 | 2400 | 2673 | 1.81 | 579 | 122 | 0.058 | 5.9 |
4 | 32 | Ge | germanium | 937 | 1210 | 2830 | 3103 | 2.01 | 762 | 122 | <0.001 | 5.3 |
4 | 33 | As | arsenic | sublimes | sublimes | 889 | 2.18 | 947 | 121 | 0.029 | 5.8 | |
4 | 34 | Se | selenium | 217 | 490 | 685 | 958 | 2.55 | 941 | 117 | 0.080 | 4.8 |
4 | 35 | Br | bromine | -7 | 266 | 59 | 332 | 2.96 | 1140 | 114 | <0.001 | 3.1 |
4 | 36 | Kr | krypton | -157 | 116 | -152 | 121 | 2.94 | 1520 | 109 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
5 | 37 | Rb | rubidium | 39 | 312 | 688 | 961 | 0.82 | 403 | 244 | 0.080 | 1.5 |
5 | 38 | Sr | strontium | 769 | 1042 | 1384 | 1657 | 0.95 | 550 | 215 | 0.043 | 2.5 |
5 | 39 | Y | yttrium | 1522 | 1795 | 3338 | 3611 | 1.22 | 616 | 181 | 0.018 | 4.5 |
5 | 40 | Zr | zirconium | 1852 | 2125 | 4377 | 4650 | 1.33 | 660 | 160 | 0.024 | 6.5 |
5 | 41 | Nb | niobium | 2468 | 2741 | 4742 | 5015 | 1.60 | 664 | 143 | 0.080 | 8.6 |
5 | 42 | Mo | molybdenum | 2617 | 2890 | 4612 | 4885 | 2.16 | 685 | 136 | 0.190 | 10.2 |
5 | 43 | Tc | technetium | 2172 | 2445 | 4877 | 5150 | 1.90 | 702 | 136 | <0.001 | 11.5 |
5 | 44 | Ru | ruthenium | 2310 | 2583 | 3900 | 4173 | 2.20 | 711 | 133 | 0.100 | 12.4 |
5 | 45 | Rh | rhodium | 1966 | 2239 | 3727 | 4000 | 2.28 | 720 | 135 | 0.220 | 12.4 |
5 | 46 | Pd | palladium | 1552 | 1825 | 3140 | 3413 | 2.20 | 805 | 138 | 0.093 | 12.0 |
5 | 47 | Ag | silver | 962 | 1235 | 2212 | 2485 | 1.93 | 731 | 144 | 0.620 | 10.5 |
5 | 48 | Cd | cadmium | 321 | 594 | 765 | 1038 | 1.69 | 868 | 149 | 0.146 | 8.7 |
5 | 49 | In | indium | 156 | 429 | 2080 | 2353 | 1.78 | 558 | 163 | 0.111 | 7.3 |
5 | 50 | Sn | tin | 232 | 505 | 2270 | 2543 | 1.96 | 709 | 141 | 0.088 | 5.8 |
5 | 51 | Sb | antimony | 631 | 904 | 1635 | 1908 | 2.05 | 834 | 182 | 0.026 | 6.7 |
5 | 52 | Te | tellurium | 450 | 723 | 990 | 1263 | 2.10 | 869 | 143 | <0.001 | 6.2 |
5 | 53 | I | iodine | 114 | 387 | 184 | 457 | 2.66 | 1010 | 133 | <0.001 | 4.9 |
5 | 54 | Xe | xenon | -112 | 161 | -105 | 168 | 2.40 | 1170 | 130 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
6 | 55 | Cs | caesium | 29 | 302 | 679 | 952 | 0.79 | 376 | 265 | 0.053 | 1.9 |
6 | 56 | Ba | barium | 729 | 1002 | 1637 | 1910 | 0.89 | 503 | 215 | 0.016 | 3.6 |
6 | 57 | La | lanthanum | 921 | 1194 | 3457 | 3730 | 1.10 | 538 | 188 | 0.017 | 6.1 |
6 | 58 | Ce | cerium | 799 | 1072 | 3427 | 3700 | 1.12 | 527 | 183 | 0.013 | 8.2 |
6 | 59 | Pr | praseodymium | 931 | 1204 | 3512 | 3785 | 1.13 | 523 | 183 | 0.015 | 6.8 |
6 | 60 | Nd | neodymium | 1021 | 1294 | 3068 | 3341 | 1.14 | 530 | 182 | 0.013 | 7.0 |
6 | 61 | Pm | promethium | 1168 | 1441 | 2727 | 3000 | 1.20 | 536 | 181 | 0.024 | 7.2 |
6 | 62 | Sm | samarium | 1077 | 1350 | 1791 | 2064 | 1.17 | 543 | 180 | 0.011 | 7.5 |
6 | 63 | Eu | europium | 822 | 1095 | 1597 | 1870 | 1.10 | 547 | 204 | 0.011 | 5.2 |
6 | 64 | Gd | gadolinium | 1313 | 1586 | 3266 | 3539 | 1.20 | 593 | 180 | 0.007 | 7.9 |
6 | 65 | Tb | terbium | 1356 | 1629 | 3123 | 3396 | 1.20 | 565 | 178 | 0.009 | 8.2 |
6 | 66 | Dy | dysprosium | 1412 | 1685 | 2562 | 2835 | 1.22 | 572 | 177 | 0.011 | 8.6 |
6 | 67 | Ho | holmium | 1474 | 1747 | 2695 | 2968 | 1.23 | 581 | 177 | 0.011 | 8.8 |
6 | 68 | Er | erbium | 1529 | 1802 | 2863 | 3136 | 1.24 | 589 | 176 | 0.012 | 9.1 |
6 | 69 | Tm | thulium | 1545 | 1818 | 1947 | 2220 | 1.25 | 597 | 174 | 0.011 | 9.3 |
6 | 70 | Yb | ytterbium | 824 | 1097 | 1193 | 1466 | 1.10 | 603 | 194 | 0.034 | 7.0 |
6 | 71 | Lu | lutetium | 1663 | 1936 | 3395 | 3668 | 1.27 | 524 | 173 | 0.013 | 9.8 |
6 | 72 | Hf | hafnium | 2230 | 2503 | 5197 | 5470 | 1.30 | 642 | 156 | 0.028 | 13.3 |
6 | 73 | Ta | tantalum | 2996 | 3269 | 5427 | 5700 | 1.50 | 761 | 143 | 0.081 | 16.7 |
6 | 74 | W | tungsten | 3407 | 3680 | 5657 | 5930 | 2.36 | 770 | 137 | 0.180 | 19.3 |
6 | 75 | Re | rhenium | 3180 | 3453 | 5627 | 5900 | 1.90 | 760 | 137 | 0.051 | 21.0 |
6 | 76 | Os | osmium | 3054 | 3327 | 5027 | 5300 | 2.20 | 840 | 134 | 0.110 | 22.6 |
6 | 77 | Ir | iridium | 2410 | 2683 | 4130 | 4403 | 2.20 | 880 | 136 | 0.190 | 22.4 |
6 | 78 | Pt | platinum | 1772 | 2045 | 3827 | 4100 | 2.28 | 870 | 138 | 0.094 | 21.5 |
6 | 79 | Au | gold | 1064 | 1337 | 2807 | 3080 | 2.54 | 890 | 144 | 0.420 | 19.3 |
6 | 80 | Hg | mercury | -39 | 234 | 357 | 630 | 2.00 | 1007 | 160 | 0.010 | 13.5 |
6 | 81 | Tl | thallium | 304 | 577 | 1457 | 1730 | 1.80 | 589 | 170 | 0.055 | 11.9 |
6 | 82 | Pb | lead | 328 | 601 | 1740 | 2013 | 2.33 | 716 | 175 | 0.046 | 11.4 |
6 | 83 | Bi | bismuth | 272 | 545 | 1560 | 1833 | 2.02 | 703 | 155 | 0.009 | 9.7 |
6 | 84 | Po | polonium | 254 | 527 | 962 | 1235 | 2.00 | 812 | 167 | 0.020 | 9.3 |
6 | 85 | At | astatine | 302 | 575 | 337 | 610 | 2.20 | 930 | 140 | <0.001 | 7.5 |
6 | 86 | Rn | radon | -71 | 202 | -62 | 211 | 2.10 | 1037 | 136 | <0.001 | <0.1 |
7 | 87 | Fr | francium | 27 | 300 | 677 | 950 | 0.70 | 400 | 270 | 0.014 | 2.0 |
7 | 88 | Ra | radium | 700 | 973 | 1140 | 1413 | 0.89 | 509 | 223 | 0.010 | 5.0 |
7 | 89 | Ac | actinium | 1047 | 1320 | 3197 | 3470 | 1.10 | 499 | 188 | 0.012 | 10.1 |
7 | 90 | Th | thorium | 1750 | 2023 | 4787 | 5060 | 1.30 | 587 | 180 | 0.055 | 11.7 |
7 | 91 | Pa | protactinium | 1840 | 2113 | 4027 | 4300 | 1.50 | 568 | 161 | 0.068 | 15.4 |
7 | 92 | U | uranium | 1133 | 1406 | 3745 | 4018 | 1.38 | 584 | 139 | 0.033 | 19.0 |
7 | 93 | Np | neptunium | 640 | 913 | 3902 | 4175 | 1.36 | 597 | 131 | 0.010 | 20.3 |
7 | 94 | Pu | plutonium | 641 | 914 | 3232 | 3505 | 1.28 | 585 | 151 | 0.008 | 19.8 |
7 | 95 | Am | americium | 994 | 1267 | 2607 | 2880 | 1.30 | 578 | 184 | 0.015 | 13.7 |
7 | 96 | Cm | curium | 1337 | 1610 | 1.30 | 581 | 0.010 | 13.3 |
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 20 covering Periods 1-3 and start of Period 4
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 38 covering Periods 1-4 and start of Period 5
Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 96 covering Periods 1-6 and start of Period 7
11.14 Alphabetical Element name list with symbol and atomic/proton number (Z)
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11.15 THE COMPLETE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
The full Modern Periodic Table is presented twice below, with and without the elements electron configuration
Pd | s–block metals | 3d to 6d blocks including the Transition Metals (Periods 4 to 7), note that the 1st (d1) and 10th (d10) block metals are NOT true transition elements. So 8/10 of 3d blocks are true transition metals d2 to d9 elements. | p–block metals and non-metals | |||||||||||||||
Gp1 | Gp2 | Gp3/*13 | Gp4/*14 | Gp5/*15 | Gp6/*16 | Gp7/*17 | Gp0/*18 | |||||||||||
1 |
1H Note: (i) H does not readily fit into any group, (ii) He not strictly a 'p' element but does belong in Gp 0/18 |
2He | ||||||||||||||||
2 | 3Li | 4Be | Full IUPAC modern Periodic Table of Elements ZSymbol, z = atomic or proton number | 5B | 6C | 7N | 8O | 9F | 10Ne | |||||||||
3 | 11Na | 12Mg | *Gp3 | *Gp4 | *Gp5 | *Gp6 | *Gp7 | *Gp8 | *Gp9 | *Gp10 | *Gp11 | *Gp12 | 13Al | 14Si | 15P | 16S | 17Cl | 18Ar |
4 | 19K | 20Ca | 21Sc | 22Ti | 23V | 24Cr | 25Mn | 26Fe | 27Co | 28Ni | 29Cu | 30Zn | 31Ga | 32Ge | 33As | 34Se | 35Br | 36Kr |
5 | 37Rb | 38Sr | 39Y | 40Zr | 41Nb | 42Mo | 43Tc | 44Ru | 45Rh | 46Pd | 47Ag | 48Cd | 49In | 50Sn | 51Sb | 52Te | 53I | 54Xe |
6 | 55Cs | 56Ba | *57-71 | 72Hf | 73Ta | 74W | 75Re | 76Os | 77Ir | 78Pt | 79Au | 80Hg | 81Tl | 82Pb | 83Bi | 84Po | 85At | 86Rn |
7 | 87Fr | 88Ra | *89-103 | 104Rf | 105Db | 106Sg | 107Bh | 108Hs | 109Mt | 110Ds | 111Rg | 112Cn | 113Nh | 114Fl | 115Mc | 116Lv | 117Ts | 118Og |
Group
1 Alkali Metals Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals Group 7/17 Halogens Group 0/18 Noble Gases Take note of the four points on the right |
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*57La | 58Ce | 59Pr | 60Nd | 61Pm | 62Sm | 63Eu | 64Gd | 65Tb | 66Dy | 67Ho | 68Er | 69Tm | 70Yb | 71Lu | ||||
*89Ac | 90Th | 91Pa | 92U | 93Np | 94Pu | 95Am | 96Cm | 97Bk | 98Cf | 99Es | 100Fm | 101Md | 102No | 103Lr | ||||
*Horizontal insert in Period 6 of Lanthanide Metal Series (Lanthanoids) Z=57 to 71 includes 4f–block series (elements 58–71). Element 57 is the start of the 5d block, interrupted by the 14 4f block elements and then continues with elements 72-80. *Horizontal insert in Period 7 of the Actinide Series of Metals (Actinoids) Z=89–103 including the 5f–block series (elements 90–103). Element 57 is the start of the 5d block, interrupted by the 15 5f block elements and continues with elements 72-80. |
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For periodic tables including electron configurations see
1.
Electron configurations of all elements except 4d, 5d, 5f and 6d blocks2.
All the elements laid out in the modern full periodic table (no electron configurations)3.
Electron configurations of all elements laid out in a compacted modern full periodic table3.
Electron configurations of all elements laid out in expanded modern full periodic table
PLEASE NOTE GCSE Level periodic table notes are on separate webpages
Advanced
Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index:
Part 1
Periodic Table history
Part 2
Electron configurations, spectroscopy,
hydrogen spectrum,
ionisation energies *
Part 3
Period 1 survey H to He *
Part 4
Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part
5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar *
Part 6
Period 4 survey K to Kr AND important
trends down a group *
Part 7
s–block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals *
Part 8
p–block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 *
Part 9
Group 7/17 The Halogens *
Part 10
3d block elements & Transition Metal Series
*
Part 11
Group & Series data & periodicity plots
All
11 Parts have
their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages
Group numbering and the modern periodic
table The original group numbers of
the periodic table ran from group 1 alkali metals to group 0
noble gases. To account for the d block elements and
their 'vertical' similarities, in the modern periodic table,
groups 3 to group 0/8 are numbered 13 to 18. So, the p block
elements are referred to as groups 13 to group 18 at a higher
academic level, though the group 3 to 0/8 notation is still
used, but usually at a lower academic level. The 3d block
elements (Sc to Zn) are now considered the head (top) elements
of groups 3 to 12. |
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