HOME PAGE * KS3 SCIENCES * GCSE level BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS * ADVANCED LEVEL CHEMISTRY

Periodic Table group, series and period data for pre-university Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry:

Scroll down and take time to study the content and/or follow links or [Use the website search box]

Apologies for wide page due to large complex data tables

Doc Brown's Chemistry

Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Revision Notes

Part 11 Periodic Table selected DATA: of Groups & Series of Elements

email doc brown - comments - query?

All my periodic table advanced A level chemistry revision notes

All my advanced A level inorganic chemistry revision study notes

GCSE Level periodic table revision notes

Use your mobile phone or ipad etc. in 'landscape' style

This is a BIG website, you need to take time to explore it [SEARCH BOX]

INORGANIC Part 11 Data page sub-index for this page

11.1 Notes about the data

11.2 Periodicity Plots

11.3 Group 1 Alkali Metals

11.4 Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals

11.5 Transition Metals - 3d block [head elements of groups (3) to (13)]

11.6 Group 3 (13)

11.7 Group 4 (14)

11.8 Group 5 (15)

11.9 Group 6 (16)

11.10 Group 7 (17) Halogens

11.11 Group 0 (18) Noble Gases

11.12 Full Periodic Table

11.13 Periods 1 to 4 Data Tables

11.14 Alphabetical Element name list with symbol and atomic number Z

11.15 The full modern Period Table

11.1 Some Notes on the Data presented

I cannot offer 100% authenticity on the data, values vary from source to source, but I've done my best to sift the sources!

na means not applicable or not available.

sub means it sublimes (solid ==> gas) on heating.

Allotropes are different physical forms of the same element in the same physical state (examples).

To convert melting/boiling points to Kelvin, add 273 (K = oC +273)

To convert density to kgm-3, multiply by 1000 (kgm-3 = gcm-3 x 1000)

IE = ionisation energy, it is the energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom or positive ion (it is always endothermic) e.g.

1st IE of helium, He(g) ==> He+(g) + e-, doc bH = +2370kJmol-1 

2nd IE of sodium, Na+(g) ==> Na2+(g) + e-, doc bH = +4562kJmol-1 

Atomic or ionic radii are quoted in pm = picometre = 10-12m,

to convert to nm = nanometre = 10-9m, divide pm by 1000 (or pm = nm x 1000).

These radii can be considered as the boundary within the electrons spend the majority of their time (sometimes quoted as 95% of all electron charge).

There are some general definitions and rules on radii:

There is much confusion about radii and the diagram below attempts to sort out what the different definitions stated below mean and the following are illustrated in the diagram below these definitions.

atomic radius - general term for the radius of an atom of an element, BUT it should be qualified e.g. is it the radius of an atom in a giant metal lattice? is it the radius of an atom in a covalent molecule? is it an atom in a giant covalent lattice?

Hence the further qualifying definitions below!

atomic covalent radius - the radius of the atom in the context of a covalent bond (the combined covalent radii of two covalently bonded atoms is equal to their bond length). This would tend to be smaller than what would be considered the atomic radius.

atomic metallic radius - the radius of an atom in the giant metal lattice.

Van der Waals atomic radius - the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms in neighbouring molecules in a covalent crystal lattice. This in a sense is the real volume of space occupied by a molecule.

Ionic radius - the radius of an ion in a giant ionic lattice

Positive ion (cation) radii are always smaller than atomic radii because the same positive nuclear charge is attracting and holding less electrons. The more electrons removed, the smaller the radius becomes. In the case of positive ions with a noble gas configuration a whole layer of shielding is removed on ion formation e.g. Mg [2,8,2] ==> Mg2+ [2,8]

Negative ion (anion) radii are always larger than covalent atomic radii but are usually similar to the element's Van der Waal radius.

Electronegativity is the electron attracting power of an atom in a covalent bonding situation (the Pauling scale is used here). The lowest values occur with the most reactive metals with the lowest IE's at the lower left of the periodic table. The highest values occur with the most reactive non-metals with the highest IE's at the upper right of the periodic table.

The electron configurations are quoted twice, (i) by the number of electrons in each principal shell, (ii) using the more advanced modern s, p, d and f sub-shell notation.

The oxidation states quoted, are those most likely to be encountered, but their relative stability is variable and important. In the detailed notes I will point out their relative importance. Detailed notes on oxidation state and redox reaction theory.

The electrode potentials (half-cell E values), apart from groups 1 and 2, usually refer to aqueous systems with a pH of 7 or less. Particularly for transition metals, the half-cell values can significantly change from acid to alkaline media, another data problem!

Electron Affinity is the energy change associated with a gaseous atom or negative ion gaining an electron e.g.

for the electron affinity of chlorine: Cl(g) + e- ==> Cl-(g), doc bH = -364kJmol-1 

Bond energy (bond enthalpy) is the energy required to break one mole of a particular bond from a species in its gaseous state (at 298K, 1 atm.). Most values are a typical or average values for gaseous species.

for the hydrogen chloride bond energy: HCl(g) ==> H.(g) + Cl.(g), doc bH = +431kJmol-1 

Flame colours have been included for some s-block metals as they are used as simple identity tests (the transition metal copper gives a green flame colour, and some blue)


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.2 Three selected PERIODICITY data-graphs of physical properties

These graphs have been added covering Periods 1-6 and the start of Period 7 to help in the study of 'Periodicity'. They present data tables and graphs of melting/boiling point, 1st ionisation energy, atomic radius and Pauling electronegativity.

The patterns in physical properties - trends, peaks or troughs in the graphs, are all explained.

Periodicity graphs Elements Z = 1 to 20 covering Periods 1-3 and start of Period 4

Periodicity graphs Elements Z = 1 to 38 covering Periods 1-4 and start of Period 5

Periodicity graphs Elements Z = 1 to 96 covering Periods 1-6 and start of Period 7

11.3 The GROUP 1 THE ALKALI METALS

All soft silvery grey solids at room temperature and pressure * detailed advanced level notes * GCSE notes

NOTE: The oxidation state of Group 1 metals in all stable compounds is +1

property\Z symbol, name 3Li Lithium 11Na Sodium 19K Potassium 37Rb Rubidium 55Cs Caesium 87Fr Francium (radioactive)
Period 2 3 4 5 6 7
melting point/oC 181 98 64 39 29 27
boiling point/oC 1347 883 774 688 679 677
density/gcm-3 0.53 0.97 0.86 1.48 1.87 approx. 2
1st IE/kJmol-1 513 496 419 403 376 400
2nd IE/kJmol-1 7298 4562 3051 2632 2420 2100
atomic metallic radius/pm 152 186 231 244 262 270
M+ ionic radius/pm 78 98 133 149 165 180
electronegativity 0.98 0.93 0.82 0.82 0.79 0.70
simple electron config. 2,1 2,8,1 2,8,8,1 2,8,18,8,1 2,8,18,18,8,1 2,8,18,32,18,8,1
advanced electron config. [He]2s1 [Ne]3s1 [Ar]4s1 [Kr]5s1 [Xe]6s1 [Rn]7s1
Electrode potential M/M+ -3.04V -2.71V -2.92V -2.92V -2.92V -2.92V
Symbol - flame colour Li - red Na - yellow K - lilac Rb - red Cs - blue Fr - na
ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation state Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity Atomic radius pm 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical cond'y Relative thermal conductivity
oC K oC K
3Li lithium M [He]2s1 +1 181 454 1347 1620 0.98 152 513 0.5 0.108 84.7
11Na sodium M [Ne]3s1 +1 98 371 883 1156 0.93 186 496 1.0 0.218 141.0
19K potassium M [Ar]4s1 +1 64 337 774 1047 0.82 231 419 0.8 0.143 102.4
37Rb rubidium M [Kr]5s1 +1 39 312 688 961 0.82 244 403 1.5 0.080 58.2
55Cs caesium M [Xe]6s1 +1 29 302 679 952 0.79 265 376 1.9 0.053 35.9
87Fr francium M [Rn]7s1 +1 27 300 677 950 0.70 270 400 2.0 0.014 15.0


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.4 The GROUP 2 THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS

All silvery grey solids at room temperature and pressure * detailed advanced level chemistry notes

NOTE: The oxidation state of Group 2 metals in all stable compounds is +2

property\Zsymbol, name 4Be Beryllium 12Mg Magnesium 20Ca Calcium 38Sr Strontium 56Ba Barium 88Ra Radium (radioactive)
Period 2 3 4 5 6 7
melting pt./oC 1278 649 839 769 729 700
boiling pt./oC 2760 1090 1484 1384 1637 1140
density/gcm-3 1.85 1.74 1.55 2.54 3.51 5.0
1st IE/ kJmol-1 900 738 590 550 503 509 ?
2nd IE/kJmol-1 1757 1451 1145 1064 965 979
3rd IE/kJmol-1 14848 7733 4910 4210 3600 3300
atomic metallic radius/pm 111 160 197 215 217 223
M2+ ionic radius/pm 34 78 106 127 143 152
electronegativity 1.57 1.31 1.00 0.95 0.89 0.89
simple electron config. 2,2 2,8,2 2,8,8,2 2,8,18,8,2 2,8,18,18,8,2 2,8,18,32,18,8,2
advanced electron config. [He]2s2 [Ne]3s2 [Ar]4s2 [Kr]5s2 [Xe]6s2 [Rn]7s2
Electrode pot'ial M/M2+ -1.97V -2.36V -2.84V -2.89V -2.92V -2.92V
Symbol - flame colour Be - na Mg - na Ca - brick-red Sr - crimson Ba apple-green Ra - na
ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation state Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity Atomic radius pm 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical conductivity
oC K oC K
4Be beryllium M [He]2s2 +2 1278 1551 2970 3243 1.57 111 900 1.8 0.250
12Mg magnesium M [Ne]3s2 +2 649 922 1090 1363 1.31 160 738 1.7 0.224
20Ca calcium M [Ar]4s2 +2 839 1112 1484 1757 1.00 197 590 1.6 0.218
38Sr strontium M [Kr]5s2 +2 769 1042 1384 1657 0.95 215 550 2.5 0.043
56Ba barium M [Xe]6s2 +2 729 1002 1637 1910 0.89 215 503 3.6 0.016
88Ra radium M [Rn]7s2 +2 700 973 1140 1413 0.89 223 509 5.0 0.010


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.5 THE 1st TRANSITION SERIES of METALS - 3d block - Period 4

(top elements groups 3-12 in future classification) * GCSE notes * Advanced A Level Chemistry Notes

Z and symbol 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn
property\name scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc
melting pt./oC 1541 1668 1910 1857 1246 1538 1495 1455 1083 420
boiling pt./oC 2836 3287 3380 2672 1962 2861 2870 2730 2567 907
density/gcm-3 2.99 4.54 6.11 7.19 7.33 7.87 8.90 8.90 8.92 7.13
1st IE/kJmol-1 631 658 650 653 717 759 760 737 745 906
2nd IE/kJmol-1 1235 1310 1414 1592 1509 1561 1646 1753 1958 1733
3rd IE/kJmol-1 2389 2652 2828 2987 3248 2957 3232 3393 3554 3832
4th IE/kJmol-1 7089 4175 4507 4740 4940 5290 4950 5300 5326 5730
5th IE/kJmol-1 8844 9573 6294 6690 6990 7240 7670 7280 7709 7970
atomic radius/pm 161 145 132 125 124 124 125 125 128 133
M2+ ionic rad/pm na 90 88 84 80 76 74 72 69 74
M3+ ionic rad/pm 81 76 74 69 66 64 63 62 na na
M4+ ionic rad/pm na 68 60 56 54 na na na na na
oxidation states +3 only +2,3,4 +2,3,4,5 +2,3,6 +2,3,4,6,7 +2,+3, 6 +2,+3 +2,+3 +1,+2 +2 only
electron config'n 2,8,9,2 2,8,10,2 2,8,11,2 2,8,13,1 2,8,13,2 2,8,14,2 2,8,15,2 2,8,16,2 2,8,18,1 2,8,18,2
advanced el'n config'n [Ar]... 3d14s2 3d24s2 3d34s2 3d54s1 3d54s2 3d64s2 3d74s2 3d84s2 3d104s1 3d104s2
Elec'de p'l M(s)/M2+(aq) na -1.63V -1.18V -0.90V -1.18V -0.44V -0.28V -0.26V +0.34V -0.76V
Elec'de p'l M(s)/M3+(aq) -2.03V -1.21V -0.85V -0.74V -0.28V -0.04V +0.40 na na na
El'de p'l M2+(aq)/M3+(aq) na -0.37V -0.26V -0.42V +1.52V +0.77V +1.87V na na na
electronegativity 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65
Z and symbol 21  Sc 22  Ti 23  V 24  Cr 25  Mn 26  Fe 27  Co 28  Ni 29  Cu 30  Zn


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.6 The GROUP 3 (13) Non-metals to metals Group 3/13 Introduction – emphasis on boron and aluminium

Only boron is a true non-metal, the rest are basically metals with a little non-metallic chemical character

property\Zsymbol, name 5B Boron 13Al Aluminium 31Ga Gallium 49In Indium 81Tl Thallium
Period 2 3 4 5 6
Appearance (RTP) brown solid silvery solid silvery solid silvery solid silvery solid
melting pt./oC 2300 661 30 156 304
boiling pt./oC 3659 2467 2400 2080 1457
density/gcm-3 2.3 2.7 5.9 7.3 11.9
1st IE/ kJmol-1 801 577 579 558 589
2nd IE/kJmol-1 2420 1820 1980 1820 1970
3rd IE/kJmol-1 3660 2740 2960 2700 2870
4th IE/kJmol-1 25000 11600 6190 5230 4900
atomic metallic radius/pm 90 (cov) 143 (125 cov) 153 163 170
M+ radius/pm na na 113 132 145
M3+ radius/pm na 57 62 92 105
El'de p'l M(s)/M+(aq) na na na -0.13V -0.34V
El'de p'l M(s)/M3+(aq) na -1.66V -0.53V -0.34V +0.72V
El'de p'l M+(aq)/M3+(aq) na na na -0.44V +1.25V
electronegativity 2.04 1.61 1.81 1.76 1.80
simple electron config. 2,3 2,8,3 2,8,18,3 2,8,18,18,3 2,8,18,32,18,3
electron configuration [He]2s22p1 [Ne]3s23p1 [Ar]3d104s24p1 [Kr]4d105s25p1 [Xe]4f145d106s26p1
principal oxidation states +3 +3 +1, +3 +1, +3 +1, +3
property\Zsymbol, name 5B Boron 13Al Aluminium 31Ga Gallium 49In Indium 81Tl Thallium
ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation state Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity Atomic radius pm 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical conductivity
oC K oC K
5B boron NM [He]2s22p1 +/-3 2300 2573 3659 3932 2.04 88 801 2.3 <0.001
13Al aluminium M [Ne]3s23p1 +3 661 934 2467 2740 1.61 143 577 2.7 0.382
31Ga gallium M [Ar]3d104s24p1 +1, +3 30 303 2400 2673 1.81 122 579 5.9 0.058
49In indium M [Kr]4d105s25p1 +1, +3 156 429 2080 2353 1.78 163 558 7.3 0.111
81Tl thallium M [Xe]4f145d106s26p1 +1, +3 304 577 1457 1730 1.80 170 589 11.9 0.055

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.7 GROUP 4 (14) Non-metals to metals Group 4/14 Introduction – emphasis on carbon & silicon – semi–metals e.g. Ge

Carbon and silicon are essentially non-metals, germanium is a metalloid.

Tin is basically metallic with a little non-metallic chemical character, lead is a metal.

property\Zsymbol, name 6C carbon 14Si Silicon 32Ge Germanium 50Sn Tin 82Pb Lead
Period 2 3 4 5 6
Appearance (RTP) soft black solid (graphite) / hard clear light coloured crystal (diamond) black amorphous powder or blue-grey metalloid - pure for semi-conductors silvery white brittle metal soft silvery metal soft grey dull-silvery metal
melting pt./oC 3547 sub 1410 937 232 328
boiling pt./oC 4827 sub 2355 2830 2270 1740
density/ gcm-3 2.3 (graphite)/3.5 (diamond) 2.3 5.3 5.8 11.4
1st IE/ kJmol-1 1086 786 762 709 716
2nd IE/kJmol-1 2350 1580 1540 1410 1450
3rd IE/kJmol-1 4610 3230 3300 2940 3080
4th IE/kJmol-1 6220 4360 4390 2930 4080
5th IE/kJmol-1 37800 16000 8950 7780 6700
atomic covalent or metallic  radius/pm 77 (cov) 117 (cov) 139 (met) 158 (met) 175 (met)
M2+ radius/pm na na 90 93 132
M4+ radius/pm na na na 74 84
El'de p'l M(s)/M2+(aq) na na -0.25V -0.14V -0.13V
El'de p'l M2+(aq)/M4+(aq) na na 0.00V +0.15V +1.69V
electronegativity 2.55 1.90 2.01 1.96 2.33
simple electron config. 2,4 2,8,4 2,8,18,4 2,8,18,18,4 2,8,18,32,18,3
electron configuration [He]2s22p2 [Ne]3s23p2 [Ar]3d104s24p2 [Kr]4d105s25p2 [Xe]4f145d106s26p2
principal oxidation states e.g. -4 CH4, +2 CO, +4 CO2 +4 +2, +4 +2, +4 +2, +4
property\Zsymbol, name 6C carbon 14Si Silicon 32Ge Germanium 50Sn Tin 82Pb Lead
ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation state Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity Atomic radius pm 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical conductivity
oC K oC K
6C carbon NM [He]2s22p2 +/-4 (+2) 3547 3820 4827 5100 2.55 77 1086 2.3 0.001
14Si silicon NM [Ne]3s23p2 +4 1410 1683 2355 2628 1.90 117 786 2.3 <0.001
32Ge germanium SM [Ar]3d104s24p2 +2, +4 937 1210 2830 3103 2.01 122 762 5.3 <0.001
50Sn tin M [Kr]4d105s25p2 +2, +4 232 505 2270 2543 1.96 141 709 5.8 0.088
82Pb lead M [Xe]4f145d106s26p2 +2, +4 328 601 1740 2013 2.33 175 716 11.4 0.046


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.8 The GROUP 5 (15) Non-metals to metals Group 5/15 Introduction – emphasis on nitrogen and phosphorus

Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals, arsenic and antimony are semi-metals, bismuth is a metal.

property\Zsymbol, name 7N Nitrogen 15P Phosphorus 33As Arsenic 51Sb Antimony 83Bi Bismuth
Period 2 3 4 5 6
Appearance (RTP) colourless gas white/red solid allotropes grey solid (other yellow/black allotropes) grey metalloid solid (other yellow allotrope) silver-white brittle metal
melting pt./oC -210 44 sublimes 631 272
boiling pt./oC -1.96 280 616? 1635 1560
density/gcm-3 <0.1 1.8 5.8 6.7 9.7
1st IE/ kJmol-1 1402 1060 947 834 703
2nd IE/kJmol-1*          
3rd IE/kJmol-1*          
4th IE/kJmol-1*          
atomic covalent or metallic radius/pm 75 (cov) 110 (cov) 122 (cov) 143 (cov), 161 (met) 182 (met)
X3- ion radius/pm 171 212 na na na
electronegativity 3.04 2.19 2.18 2.05 2.02
simple electron config. 2,5 2,8,5 2,8,8,5 2,8,18,18,5 2,8,18,32,18,5
electron configuration [He]2s22p3 [Ne]3s23p3 [Ar]3d104s24p3 [Kr]4d105s25p3 [Xe]4f145d106s26p3
principal oxidation states -3 to +5 -3, +3, +5 +3, +5 +3, +5 +3, (+5)
property\Zsymbol, name 7N Nitrogen 15P Phosphorus 33As Arsenic 51Sb Antimony 83Bi Bismuth
ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation states Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity Atomic radius pm 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical conductivity
oC K oC K
7N nitrogen NM [He]2s22p3 -3 to +5 -210 63 -196 77 3.04 70 1402 <0.1 <0.001
15P phosphorus NM [Ne]3s23p3 +3, +5 44 317 280 553 2.19 110 1060 1.8 <0.001
33As arsenic SM [Ar]3d104s24p3 +3, +5 sub sub sub sub 2.18 121 947 5.8 0.029
51Sb antimony SM [Kr]4d105s25p3 +3, +5 631 904 1635 1908 2.05 182 834 6.7 0.026
83Bi bismuth M [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 +3, +5 272 545 1560 1833 2.02 155 703 9.7 0.009


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.9 The GROUP 6 (16) Non-metals to metals Group 6/16 Introduction – emphasis on oxygen and sulfur

Oxygen and sulphur are non-metals, selenium and tellurium are semi-metals, polonium is essentially a metal.

property\Zsymbol, name 8O Oxygen 16S Sulphur 34Se Selenium 52Te Tellurium 84Po Polonium (radioactive)
Period 2 3 4 5 6
Appearance (RTP) colourless gas yellow solid (monoclinic/rhombic allotropes) silver metalloid or red powder allotropes silver white metalloid radioactive silvery solid
melting pt./oC -218 117 217 450 254
boiling pt./oC -183 445 685 990 962
density/gcm-3 <0.1 2.1 4.8 6.2 9.3
1st IE/ kJmol-1 1314 1000 941 869 812
2nd IE/kJmol-1*          
3rd IE/kJmol-1*          
4th IE/kJmol-1*          
atomic covalent or metallic radius/pm 73 (cov) 102 (cov) 117 (cov), 190 (met) 135 (cov), 210 (met) 167 (cov), ? (met)
X2- ion radius/pm 140 184 198 221 230
electronegativity 3.44 2.58 2.55 2.10 2.00
simple electron config. Ar]... 2,6 2,8,6 2,8,8,6 2,8,18,18,6 2,8,18,32,18,6
electron configuration [He]2s22p4 [Ne]3s23p4 [Ar]3d104s24p4 [Kr]4d105s25p4 [Xe]4f145d106s26p4
principal oxidation states -2, +1, (+2) -2, +2, +4, +6 -2, +2, +4, +6 -2, +2, +4, +6 -2, +2, +4, +6
property\Zsymbol, name 8O Oxygen 16S Sulphur 34Se Selenium 52Te Tellurium 84Po Polonium
ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation state Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity Atomic radius pm 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical conductivity
oC K oC K
8O oxygen NM [He]2s22p4 -1, -2 -218 55 -183 90 3.44 66 1314 <0.1 <0.001
16S sulphur NM [Ne]3s23p4 -2, +4, +6 117 390 445 718 2.58 104 1000 2.1 <0.001
34Se selenium SM [Ar]3d104s24p4 +4, +6 217 490 685 958 2.55 117 941 4.8 0.080
52Te tellurium SM [Kr]4d105s25p4 +4, +6 450 723 990 1263 2.10 143 869 6.2 <0.001
84Po polonium M [Xe]4f145d106s26p4 +2, +4, +6 254 527 962 1235 2.00 167 812 9.3 0.020


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.10 The GROUP 7 (17) THE HALOGENS non-metals Group 7/17 The Halogens * GCSE notes help with the basics

property\Z X, name 9F fluorine 17Cl chlorine 35Br bromine 53I iodine 85At astatine (radioactive)
Period 2 3 4 5 6
appearance pale yellow gas pale green gas dark red liquid, orange-brown gas dark grey solid, purple vapour black solid, very dark vapour on heating
melting point/oC -219 -101 -7 114 302
boiling point/oC -188 -34 59 184 380
density/gcm-3 1.1(l) 1.56(l) 3.12(l) 4.93(s) approx 7.5(s)
1st IE/kJmol-1 1681 1251 1140 1010 920
atomic covalent radius/pm 64 99 114 133 140
Van der Waal radius 155 180 190 195 na
X- ionic radius/pm 136 181 195 216 227
X-X(g)bond energy kJmol-1 158 242 193 151 110
H-X(g)bond energy kJmol-1 562 431 366 299 na
C-X(g)bond energy kJmol-1 484 338 276 238 na
electronegativity 3.98 3.16 2.96 2.66 2.20
electron config. 2.7 2.8.7 2.8.18.7 2.8.18.18.7 2.8.18.32.18.7
electron configuration 1s22s22p5 [Ne]3s23p5 [Ar]3d104s24p5 [Kr]4d105s25p5 [Xe]4f145d106s26p5
known oxidation states -1 only -1,+1,3,4,5,7 -1,+1,3,4,5,6,7 -1,+1,3,5,7 -1, +1, +3
Electrode potential X2/X- +2.87V +1.36V +1.07V +0.54V 0.20
Electron affinity/kJmol-1 F  -348 Cl  -364 Br  -342 I  -314 At  -270
ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation state Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity Atomic radius pm 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical conductivity
oC K oC K
9F fluorine NM [He]2s22p5 -1 -219 54 -188 85 3.98 64 1681 <0.1 <0.001
17Cl chlorine NM [Ne]3s23p5 -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 -101 172 -34 239 3.16 99 1251 <0.1 <0.001
35Br bromine NM [Ar]3d104s24p5 -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 -7 266 59 332 2.96 114 1140 3.1 <0.001
53I iodine NM [Kr]4d105s25p5 -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 114 387 184 457 2.66 133 1010 4.9 <0.001
85At astatine NM [Xe]4f145d106s26p5 -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 302 575 337 610 2.20 140 930 7.5 <0.001

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.11 The GROUP 0 (18) THE NOBLE GASES non-metals Group 0/18 The Noble Gases

They are all colourless gases at room temperature and pressure * GCSE notes, helps with the basics

property\Z symbol, name 2He helium 10Ne neon 18Ar argon 36Kr krypton 54Xe xenon 86Rn radon (radioactive)
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6
melting point/oC -272 -249 -189 -157 -112 -71
boiling point/oC -269 -246 -186 -152 -108 -62
density/gcm-3(liquid) 0.12 1.21 1.40 2.16 3.50 na
1st IE/kJmol-1 2370 2080 1520 1350 1170 1040
electron configuration 2 2.8 2.8.8 2.8.18.8 2.8.18.18.8 2.8.18.32.18.8
electron configuration 1s2 1s22s22p6 [Ne]3s23p6 [Ar]3d104s24p6 [Kr]4d105s25p6 [Xe]4f145d106s26p6
known oxidation states non stable non stable non stable an unstable +2 +2,4,6,8 na
electronegativity (i) 5.50 4.84 3.20 2.94 2.40 2.1
atomic covalent radius/pm (ii) He   49 Ne   51 Ar   94 Kr   109 Xe  130 Rn   136

Note (i) Theoretical estimates of Pauling electronegativities

(ii) He to Ar, Kr?, theoretical calculations of atomic radius.

ZElement   Electron configuration Oxidation state Melting Point Boiling Point Pauling electro-negativity (ii) Atomic radius pm (i) 1st  ionisation energy kJ/mol Density g/cm3 Relative electrical conductivity
oC K oC K
2He helium NM 1s2 - -272 1 -269 4 5.50 49 2372 <0.1 <0.001
10Ne neon NM [He]2s22p6 - -249 24 -246 27 4.84 51 2081 <0.1 <0.001
18Ar argon NM [Ne]3s23p6 - -189 84 -186 87 3.20 94 1520 <0.1 <0.001
36Kr krypton NM [Ar]3d104s24p6 - -157 116 -152 121 2.94 109 1520 <0.1 <0.001
54Xe xenon NM [Kr]4d105s25p6 +2, +4, +6, +8 -112 161 -105 168 2.40 130 1170 <0.1 <0.001
86Rn radon NM [Xe]4f145d106s26p6 - -71 202 -62 211 2.10 136 1037 <0.1 <0.001


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.12 The full modern Periodic Table

Pd s-block metals 3d to 6d blocks of Transition Metals (Periods 4 to 7), note that the 1st (d1) and 10th (d10) are NOT true transition elements. p-block non-metals and metals
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3/*13 Gp4/*14 Gp5/*15 Gp6/*16 Gp7/*17 Gp0/*18
1

1H   Note: (i) H does not readily fit into any group, (ii) He not strictly a 'p' element but does belong in Gp 0/18

2He
2 3Li 4Be Full IUPAC modern Periodic Table of Elements ZSymbol, z = atomic or proton number 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
3 11Na 12Mg *Gp3 *Gp4 *Gp5 *Gp6 *Gp7 *Gp8 *Gp9 *Gp10 *Gp11 *Gp12 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
4 19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
5 37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
6 55Cs 56Ba *57-71 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
7 87Fr 88Ra *89-103 104Rf 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Uut 114Fl 115Uup 116Lv 117Uus 118Uuo
Gp 1 Alkali Metals

 Gp 2 Alkaline Earth Metals

Gp 7/17 Halogens

Gp 0/18 Noble Gases

Take note of the four points on the right

 
*57La 58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
*89Ac 90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr

*Horizontal insert in Period 6 of the Lanthanide Metal Series (Lanthanides/Lanthanoids) Z=57 to 71 includes 4f-block series (58-71).

*Horizontal insert in Period 7 of the Actinide Series of Metals (Actinides/Actinoids) Z=89-103 including the 5f-block series (90-103)

  1. Using 0 to denote the Group number of the Noble Gases is historic i.e. when its valency was considered zero since no compounds were known. However, from 1961 stable compounds of xenon have been synthesised exhibiting up to the maximum possible expected valency of 8 e.g. in XeO4.

  2. * 21Sc to 30Zn can be considered as the top elements in the vertical Groups 3 to 12 (marked as *Gp3 to *Gp12).

  3. *Therefore Groups 3-7 and 0 can also be numbered as Groups 13 to 18 (marked as *13, *14, *15, *16, *17 and *18) to fit in with the maximum number of vertical columns of elements in periods 4 and 5 (18 elements per period).

  4. I'm afraid this can make things confusing, but there it is, classification is still in progress and the notation Group 1 to 18 seems due to become universal.

  5. Elements up to Z = 118 have now been synthesised, if only a few atoms have been identified !


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.13 PERIOD DATA TABLES

Period 1 H to He  * Period 1 Survey Notes

Atomic number Element symbol Element name Melting Point oC Melting Point K Boiling Point oC Boiling Point K Pauling electro-negativity 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol Atomic radius pm Relative electrical conductivity Density g/cm3
1 H hydrogen -259 14 -253 20 2.20 1312 37 <0.001 <0.1
2 He helium -272 1 -269 4 5.50 2372 49 <0.000 <0.1


Period 2 Li to Ne  * Period 2 Survey Notes

Element Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
1st ionization energy (kJ mol-1) 513 900 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 2081
Atomic radius (pm, /1000 for nm) 152 111 88 77 70 66 64 51
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 4.84
Melting Point (K) 454 1551 2573 3820 63 55 54 24
Boiling Point (K) 1620 3243 3932 5100 77 90 85 27
Relative electrical conductivity 0.150 0.250 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Density (g cm-3) 0.5 1.8 2.3 2.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 20 covering Periods 1-3 and start of Period 4


Period 3 Na to Ar  * Period 3 Survey Notes

Element Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
1st ionization energy (kJ mol-1) 496 738 577 786 1080 1000 1251 1520
Atomic radius (pm, /1000 for nm) 186 160 143 117 110 104 99 94
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 3.20
Melting Point (K) 371 922 934 1683 317 390 172 84
Boiling Point (K) 1156 1363 2740 2628 553 718 239 87
Relative electrical conductivity 0.218 0.224 0.382 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Density (g cm-3) 1.0 1.7 2.7 2.3 1.8 2.1 <0.1 <0.1

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 20 covering Periods 1-3 and start of Period 4

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 38 covering Periods 1-4 and start of Period 5


Period 4 K to Kr

Z symbol Name mpt/oC mpt/K bpt/oC bpt/K Pauling electro-negativity 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol Atomic radius pm Relative electrical conductivity Density g/cm3
19 K potassium 64 337 774 1047 0.82 419 231 0.143 0.8
20 Ca calcium 839 1112 1484 1757 1.00 590 197 0.218 1.6
21 Sc scandium 1541 1814 2836 3109 1.36 631 161 0.015 3.0
22 Ti titanium 1668 1941 3287 3650 1.54 658 145 0.024 4.5
23 V vanadium 1910 2183 3380 3653 1.63 650 132 0.040 6.1
24 Cr chromium 1857 2130 2672 2945 1.66 653 125 0.078 7.2
25 Mn manganese 1246 1519 1962 2235 1.55 717 124 0.054 7.4
26 Fe iron 1538 1811 2861 3134 1.83 759 124 0.100 7.9
27 Co cobalt 1495 1768 2870 3143 1.88 760 125 0.160 8.9
28 Ni nickel 1455 1728 2730 3003 1.91 737 125 0.145 8.9
29 Cu copper 1083 1356 2567 2840 1.90 745 128 0.593 9.0
30 Zn zinc 420 693 907 1180 1.65 906 133 0.167 7.1
31 Ga gallium 30 303 2400 2673 1.81 579 122 0.058 5.9
32 Ge germanium 937 1210 2830 3103 2.01 762 122 <0.001 5.3
33 As arsenic sublimes 616oC/889K 2.18 947 121 0.029 5.8
34 Se selenium 217 490 685 958 2.55 941 117 0.080 4.8
35 Br bromine -7 266 59 332 2.96 1140 114 <0.001 3.1
36 Kr krypton -157 116 -152 121 2.94 1520 109 <0.001 <0.1

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 38 covering Periods 1-4 and start of Period 5

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 96 covering Periods 1-6 and start of Period 7


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


Data for elements Z = 1 to Z = 96

Pd Atomic number Element symbol Element name Melting Point oC Melting Point K Boiling Point oC Boiling Point K Pauling electro-negativity 1st ionisation energy kJ/mol Atomic radius pm Relative electrical conductivity Density g/cm3
1 1 H hydrogen -259 14 -253 20 2.20 1312 37 <0.001 <0.1
1 2 He helium -272 1 -269 4 5.50 2372 49 <0.000 <0.1
2 3 Li lithium 181 454 1347 1620 0.98 513 152 0.108 0.5
2 4 Be beryllium 1278 1551 2487 2760 1.57 900 111 0.250 1.8
2 5 B boron 2300 2573 3659 3932 2.04 801 88 <0.001 2.3
2 6 C carbon 3547 3820 4827 5100 2.55 1086 77 0.001 2.3
2 7 N nitrogen -210 63 -196 77 3.04 1402 70 <0.001 <0.1
2 8 O oxygen -218 55 -183 90 3.44 1314 66 <0.001 <0.1
2 9 F fluorine -219 54 -188 85 3.98 1681 64 <0.001 <0.1
2 10 Ne neon -249 24 -246 27 4.84 2081 51 <0.001 <0.1
3 11 Na sodium 98 371 883 1156 0.93 496 186 0.218 1.0
3 12 Mg magnesium 649 922 1090 1363 1.31 738 160 0.224 1.7
3 13 Al aluminium 661 934 2467 2740 1.61 577 143 0.382 2.7
3 14 Si silicon 1410 1683 2355 2628 1.90 786 117 <0.001 2.3
3 15 P phosphorus 44 317 280 553 2.19 1060 110 <0.001 1.8
3 16 S sulphur 117 390 445 718 2.58 1000 104 <0.001 2.1
3 17 Cl chlorine -101 172 -34 239 3.16 1251 99 <0.001 <0.1
3 18 Ar argon -189 84 -186 87 3.20 1520 94 <0.001 <0.1
4 19 K potassium 64 337 774 1047 0.82 419 231 0.143 0.8
4 20 Ca calcium 839 1112 1484 1757 1.00 590 197 0.218 1.6
4 21 Sc scandium 1541 1814 2836 3109 1.36 631 161 0.015 3.0
4 22 Ti titanium 1668 1941 3287 3560 1.54 658 145 0.024 4.5
4 23 V vanadium 1910 2183 3380 3653 1.63 650 132 0.040 6.1
4 24 Cr chromium 1857 2130 2672 2945 1.66 653 125 0.078 7.2
4 25 Mn manganese 1246 1519 1962 2235 1.55 717 124 0.054 7.4
4 26 Fe iron 1538 1811 2861 3134 1.83 759 124 0.100 7.9
4 27 Co cobalt 1495 1768 2870 3143 1.88 760 125 0.160 8.9
4 28 Ni nickel 1455 1728 2730 3003 1.91 737 125 0.145 8.9
4 29 Cu copper 1083 1356 2567 2840 1.90 745 128 0.593 9.0
4 30 Zn zinc 420 693 907 1180 1.65 906 133 0.167 7.1
4 31 Ga gallium 30 303 2400 2673 1.81 579 122 0.058 5.9
4 32 Ge germanium 937 1210 2830 3103 2.01 762 122 <0.001 5.3
4 33 As arsenic sublimes   sublimes 889 2.18 947 121 0.029 5.8
4 34 Se selenium 217 490 685 958 2.55 941 117 0.080 4.8
4 35 Br bromine -7 266 59 332 2.96 1140 114 <0.001 3.1
4 36 Kr krypton -157 116 -152 121 2.94 1520 109 <0.001 <0.1
5 37 Rb rubidium 39 312 688 961 0.82 403 244 0.080 1.5
5 38 Sr strontium 769 1042 1384 1657 0.95 550 215 0.043 2.5
5 39 Y yttrium 1522 1795 3338 3611 1.22 616 181 0.018 4.5
5 40 Zr zirconium 1852 2125 4377 4650 1.33 660 160 0.024 6.5
5 41 Nb niobium 2468 2741 4742 5015 1.60 664 143 0.080 8.6
5 42 Mo molybdenum 2617 2890 4612 4885 2.16 685 136 0.190 10.2
5 43 Tc technetium 2172 2445 4877 5150 1.90 702 136 <0.001 11.5
5 44 Ru ruthenium 2310 2583 3900 4173 2.20 711 133 0.100 12.4
5 45 Rh rhodium 1966 2239 3727 4000 2.28 720 135 0.220 12.4
5 46 Pd palladium 1552 1825 3140 3413 2.20 805 138 0.093 12.0
5 47 Ag silver 962 1235 2212 2485 1.93 731 144 0.620 10.5
5 48 Cd cadmium 321 594 765 1038 1.69 868 149 0.146 8.7
5 49 In indium 156 429 2080 2353 1.78 558 163 0.111 7.3
5 50 Sn tin 232 505 2270 2543 1.96 709 141 0.088 5.8
5 51 Sb antimony 631 904 1635 1908 2.05 834 182 0.026 6.7
5 52 Te tellurium 450 723 990 1263 2.10 869 143 <0.001 6.2
5 53 I iodine 114 387 184 457 2.66 1010 133 <0.001 4.9
5 54 Xe xenon -112 161 -105 168 2.40 1170 130 <0.001 <0.1
6 55 Cs caesium 29 302 679 952 0.79 376 265 0.053 1.9
6 56 Ba barium 729 1002 1637 1910 0.89 503 215 0.016 3.6
6 57 La lanthanum 921 1194 3457 3730 1.10 538 188 0.017 6.1
6 58 Ce cerium 799 1072 3427 3700 1.12 527 183 0.013 8.2
6 59 Pr praseodymium 931 1204 3512 3785 1.13 523 183 0.015 6.8
6 60 Nd neodymium 1021 1294 3068 3341 1.14 530 182 0.013 7.0
6 61 Pm promethium 1168 1441 2727 3000 1.20 536 181 0.024 7.2
6 62 Sm samarium 1077 1350 1791 2064 1.17 543 180 0.011 7.5
6 63 Eu europium 822 1095 1597 1870 1.10 547 204 0.011 5.2
6 64 Gd gadolinium 1313 1586 3266 3539 1.20 593 180 0.007 7.9
6 65 Tb terbium 1356 1629 3123 3396 1.20 565 178 0.009 8.2
6 66 Dy dysprosium 1412 1685 2562 2835 1.22 572 177 0.011 8.6
6 67 Ho holmium 1474 1747 2695 2968 1.23 581 177 0.011 8.8
6 68 Er erbium 1529 1802 2863 3136 1.24 589 176 0.012 9.1
6 69 Tm thulium 1545 1818 1947 2220 1.25 597 174 0.011 9.3
6 70 Yb ytterbium 824 1097 1193 1466 1.10 603 194 0.034 7.0
6 71 Lu lutetium 1663 1936 3395 3668 1.27 524 173 0.013 9.8
6 72 Hf hafnium 2230 2503 5197 5470 1.30 642 156 0.028 13.3
6 73 Ta tantalum 2996 3269 5427 5700 1.50 761 143 0.081 16.7
6 74 W tungsten 3407 3680 5657 5930 2.36 770 137 0.180 19.3
6 75 Re rhenium 3180 3453 5627 5900 1.90 760 137 0.051 21.0
6 76 Os osmium 3054 3327 5027 5300 2.20 840 134 0.110 22.6
6 77 Ir iridium 2410 2683 4130 4403 2.20 880 136 0.190 22.4
6 78 Pt platinum 1772 2045 3827 4100 2.28 870 138 0.094 21.5
6 79 Au gold 1064 1337 2807 3080 2.54 890 144 0.420 19.3
6 80 Hg mercury -39 234 357 630 2.00 1007 160 0.010 13.5
6 81  Tl thallium 304 577 1457 1730 1.80 589 170 0.055 11.9
6 82 Pb lead 328 601 1740 2013 2.33 716 175 0.046 11.4
6 83 Bi bismuth 272 545 1560 1833 2.02 703 155 0.009 9.7
6 84 Po polonium 254 527 962 1235 2.00 812 167 0.020 9.3
6 85 At astatine 302 575 337 610 2.20 930 140 <0.001 7.5
6 86 Rn radon -71 202 -62 211 2.10 1037 136 <0.001 <0.1
7 87 Fr francium 27 300 677 950 0.70 400 270 0.014 2.0
7 88 Ra radium 700 973 1140 1413 0.89 509 223 0.010 5.0
7 89 Ac actinium 1047 1320 3197 3470 1.10 499 188 0.012 10.1
7 90 Th thorium 1750 2023 4787 5060 1.30 587 180 0.055 11.7
7 91 Pa protactinium 1840 2113 4027 4300 1.50 568 161 0.068 15.4
7 92 U uranium 1133 1406 3745 4018 1.38 584 139 0.033 19.0
7 93 Np neptunium 640 913 3902 4175 1.36 597 131 0.010 20.3
7 94 Pu plutonium 641 914 3232 3505 1.28 585 151 0.008 19.8
7 95 Am americium 994 1267 2607 2880 1.30 578 184 0.015 13.7
7 96 Cm curium 1337 1610     1.30 581   0.010 13.3

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 20 covering Periods 1-3 and start of Period 4

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 38 covering Periods 1-4 and start of Period 5

Periodicity plots Elements Z = 1 to 96 covering Periods 1-6 and start of Period 7


TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.14 Alphabetical Element name list with symbol and atomic/proton number (Z)

Chemical Symbol

Element name

Atomic No. Z

Ac Actinium 89
Al Aluminium/Aluminum 13
Am Americium 95
Sb Antimony 51
Ar Argon 18
As Arsenic 33
At Astatine 85
Ba Barium 56
Bk Berkelium 97
Be Beryllium 4
Bh Bohrium 107
Bi Bismuth 83
B Boron 5
Br Bromine 35
Cd Cadmium 48
Ca Calcium 20
Cf Californium 98
C Carbon 6
Ce Cerium 58
Cs Caesium 55
Cl Chlorine 17
Cr Chromium 24
Co Cobalt 27
Cn Copernicium 112
Cu Copper 29
Cm Curium 96
Ds Darmstadtium 110
Db Dubnium 105
Dy Dysprosium 66
Es Einsteinium 99
Er Erbium 68
Eu Europium 63
Fm Fermium 100
Fl Flerovium 114
F Fluorine 9
Fr Francium 87
Gd Gadolinium 64
Ga Gallium 31
Ge Germanium 32
Au Gold 79
Hf Hafnium 72
Hs Hassium 108
He Helium 2
Ho Holmium 67
H Hydrogen 1
In Indium 49
I Iodine 53
Ir Iridium 77
Fe Iron 26
Kr Krypton 36
La Lanthanum 57
Lr Lawrencium 103
Pb Lead 82
Li Lithium 3
Lv Livermorium 116
Lu Lutetium 71
Mg Magnesium 12
Mn Manganese 25
Mt Meitnerium 109
 

Chemical Symbol

Element name

Atomic No. Z

Md Mendelevium 101
Hg Mercury 80
Mo Molybdenum 42
Nd Neodymium 60
Ne Neon 10
Np Neptunium 93
Ni Nickel 28
Nb Niobium 41
N Nitrogen 7
No Nobelium 102
Os Osmium 76
O Oxygen 8
Pd Palladium 46
P Phosphorus 15
Pt Platinum 78
Pu Plutonium 94
Po Polonium 84
K Potassium 19
Pr Praseodymium 59
Pm Promethium 61
Pa Protactinium 91
Ra Radium 88
Rn Radon 86
Re Rhenium 75
Rh Rhodium 45
Rg Roentgenium 111
Rb Rubidium 37
Ru Ruthenium 44
Rf

Rutherfordium

104
Sm Samarium 62
Sc Scandium 21
Sg Seaborgium 106
Se Selenium 34
Si Silicon 14
Ag Silver 47
Na Sodium 11
Sr Strontium 38
S Sulphur/Sulfur 16
Ta Tantalum 73
Tc Technetium 43
Te Tellurium 52
Tb Terbium 65
Tl Thallium 81
Th Thorium 90
Tm Thulium 69
Sn Tin 50
Ti Titanium 22
W Tungsten 74
U Uranium 92
V Vanadium 23
Xe Xenon 54
Yb Ytterbium 70
Y Yttrium 39
Zn Zinc 30
Zr Zirconium 40
     
     
     
     

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index


11.15 THE COMPLETE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

The full Modern Periodic Table is presented twice below, with and without the elements electron configuration

Pd s–block metals 3d to 6d blocks including the Transition Metals (Periods 4 to 7), note that the 1st (d1) and 10th (d10) block metals are NOT true transition elements. So 8/10 of 3d blocks are true transition metals d2 to d9 elements. p–block metals and non-metals
Gp1 Gp2 Gp3/*13 Gp4/*14 Gp5/*15 Gp6/*16 Gp7/*17 Gp0/*18
1

1H   Note: (i) H does not readily fit into any group, (ii) He not strictly a 'p' element but does belong in Gp 0/18

2He
2 3Li 4Be Full IUPAC modern Periodic Table of Elements ZSymbol, z = atomic or proton number 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
3 11Na 12Mg *Gp3 *Gp4 *Gp5 *Gp6 *Gp7 *Gp8 *Gp9 *Gp10 *Gp11 *Gp12 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
4 19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
5 37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
6 55Cs 56Ba *57-71 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
7 87Fr 88Ra *89-103 104Rf 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
Group 1 Alkali Metals

 Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 7/17 Halogens

Group 0/18 Noble Gases

Take note of the four points on the right

 
*57La 58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu  
*89Ac 90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr

*Horizontal insert in Period 6 of Lanthanide Metal Series (Lanthanoids) Z=57 to 71 includes 4f–block series (elements 58–71). Element 57 is the start of the 5d block, interrupted by the 14 4f block elements and then continues with elements 72-80.

*Horizontal insert in Period 7 of the Actinide Series of Metals (Actinoids) Z=89–103 including the 5f–block series (elements 90–103). Element 57 is the start of the 5d block, interrupted by the 15 5f block elements and continues with elements 72-80.

  1. Using 0 to denote the Group number of the Noble Gases is historic i.e. when its valency was considered zero since no compounds were known. However, from 1961 stable compounds of xenon have been synthesised exhibiting up to the maximum possible expected valency of 8 e.g. in XeO4.

  2. * 21Sc to 30Zn can be considered as the top elements in the vertical Groups 3 to 12 (marked as *Gp3 to *Gp12).

  3. *Therefore Groups 3–7 and 0 can also be numbered as Groups 13 to 18 (marked as *13, *14, *15, *16, *17 and *18) to fit in with the maximum number of vertical columns of elements in periods 4 and 5 (18 elements per period).

  4. I'm afraid this can make things confusing, but there it is, classification is still in progress and the notation Group 1 to 18 seems due to become universal.

  5. Elements up to Z = 118 have now been synthesised, if only a few atoms have been identified !

For periodic tables including electron configurations see

1. Electron configurations of all elements except 4d, 5d, 5f and 6d blocks

2. All the elements laid out in the modern full periodic table (no electron configurations)

3. Electron configurations of all elements laid out in a compacted modern full periodic table

3. Electron configurations of all elements laid out in expanded modern full periodic table

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index

WHAT NEXT?

PLEASE NOTE GCSE Level periodic table notes are on separate webpages

Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index: Part 1 Periodic Table history Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 Period 4 survey K to Kr AND important trends down a group * Part 7 s–block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8  p–block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 * Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodicity plots All 11 Parts have their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages

Group numbering and the modern periodic table

The original group numbers of the periodic table ran from group 1 alkali metals to group 0 noble gases. To account for the d block elements and their 'vertical' similarities, in the modern periodic table, groups 3 to group 0/8 are numbered 13 to 18. So, the p block elements are referred to as groups 13 to group 18 at a higher academic level, though the group 3 to 0/8 notation is still used, but usually at a lower academic level. The 3d block elements (Sc to Zn) are now considered the head (top) elements of groups 3 to 12.

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index

Website content © Dr Phil Brown 2000+. All copyrights reserved on revision notes, images, quizzes, worksheets etc. Copying of website material is NOT permitted. Exam revision summaries & references to science course specifications are unofficial.

TOP OF PAGE and sub-index