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Brown's Chemistry
Periodic Table
Revision Notes
Part
6. Survey of Period 4 & important trends down a group
6.2
Period 4 trends
& explanations of physical properties
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Periodic Table notes
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INORGANIC
Part 6 Period 4 survey & group trends page
sub-index: 6.1
Survey of
Period 4 elements * 6.2 Period 4 element trends in physical properties * 6.3
Period 4 element trends in bonding and
formulae *
6.4
Important element trends down a Group
Advanced
Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index *
Part 1
Periodic Table history
* Part 2
Electron configurations, spectroscopy,
hydrogen spectrum,
ionisation energies *
Part 3
Period 1 survey H to He *
Part 4
Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part
5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar *
Part 6
Period 4 survey K to Kr and important trends
down a group *
Part 7
s-block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals *
Part 8
p-block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 *
Part 9
Group 7/17 The Halogens *
Part 10
3d block elements & Transition Metal Series
*
Part 11
Group & Series data & periodicity plots * All
11 Parts have
their own sub-indexes near the top of the pages
6.2 Period 4 Trends in physical
properties
The data for Period 4
is NOT shown from left to right, due to the number of columns required!
|
Z |
symbol |
Name |
mpt/oC |
mpt/K |
bpt/oC |
bpt/K |
Pauling electro-negativity |
1st ionisation energy kJ/mol |
Atomic radius pm |
Relative electrical conductivity |
Density g/cm3 |
|
19 |
K |
potassium |
64 |
337 |
774 |
1047 |
0.82 |
419 |
231 |
0.143 |
0.8 |
|
20 |
Ca |
calcium |
839 |
1112 |
1484 |
1757 |
1.00 |
590 |
197 |
0.218 |
1.6 |
|
21 |
Sc |
scandium |
1541 |
1814 |
2836 |
3109 |
1.36 |
631 |
161 |
0.015 |
3.0 |
|
22 |
Ti |
titanium |
1668 |
1941 |
3287 |
3650 |
1.54 |
658 |
145 |
0.024 |
4.5 |
|
23 |
V |
vanadium |
1910 |
2183 |
3380 |
3653 |
1.63 |
650 |
132 |
0.040 |
6.1 |
|
24 |
Cr |
chromium |
1857 |
2130 |
2672 |
2945 |
1.66 |
653 |
125 |
0.078 |
7.2 |
|
25 |
Mn |
manganese |
1246 |
1519 |
1962 |
2235 |
1.55 |
717 |
124 |
0.054 |
7.4 |
|
26 |
Fe |
iron |
1538 |
1811 |
2861 |
3134 |
1.83 |
759 |
124 |
0.100 |
7.9 |
|
27 |
Co |
cobalt |
1495 |
1768 |
2870 |
3143 |
1.88 |
760 |
125 |
0.160 |
8.9 |
|
28 |
Ni |
nickel |
1455 |
1728 |
2730 |
3003 |
1.91 |
737 |
125 |
0.145 |
8.9 |
|
29 |
Cu |
copper |
1083 |
1356 |
2567 |
2840 |
1.90 |
745 |
128 |
0.593 |
9.0 |
|
30 |
Zn |
zinc |
420 |
693 |
907 |
1180 |
1.65 |
906 |
133 |
0.167 |
7.1 |
|
31 |
Ga |
gallium |
30 |
303 |
2400 |
2673 |
1.81 |
579 |
122 |
0.058 |
5.9 |
|
32 |
Ge |
germanium |
937 |
1210 |
2830 |
3103 |
2.01 |
762 |
122 |
<0.001 |
5.3 |
|
33 |
As |
arsenic |
sublimes 616oC/889K |
2.18 |
947 |
121 |
0.029 |
5.8 |
|
34 |
Se |
selenium |
217 |
490 |
685 |
958 |
2.55 |
941 |
117 |
0.080 |
4.8 |
|
35 |
Br |
bromine |
-7 |
266 |
59 |
332 |
2.96 |
1140 |
114 |
<0.001 |
3.1 |
|
36 |
Kr |
krypton |
-157 |
116 |
-152 |
121 |
3.20 |
1520 |
109 |
<0.001 |
<0.1 |
|
The data is plotted
below with explanations and comments (Z = proton/atomic number
for the x axis)
Above each period graph
is the corresponding periodicity graph for the whole of the
periodic table |
|


(1) Variation of 1st Ionisation enthalpy
across Period 4
ΔH
for the process X(g)
==> X+(g) + e-
The energy required to remove the
most loosely bound electron (kJmol-1) from the
gaseous atoms at 298K/1atm.
You would expect the from potassium to zinc there is a
more or less steady rise in the enthalpy of ionisation as the
positive nuclear charge increase within the similar quantum
energy levels (3d/4s) without increase in shielding from other
filled quantum levels. The rise
is less so through the 3d block where the 3d/4s quantum levels
are close together. However, although the p-block elements
generally show a fairly steep rise (as in periods 2 and 3) they
are all lowered relative to the previous steady rise presumably
due to the shielding effect of the full 3d sub-shell. There is
still a small anomaly from arsenic (As) to selenium (Se).
For Period 4, the Group1 Alkali
Metal (potassium, lowest Z) has the lowest 1st ionisation energy and the
Group 0/18 Noble Gas (krypton, highest Z) has the highest 1st ionisation
energy value.
See
also 6.3
Period 4 element trends in bonding and
formulae and 6.4
Important element trends down a Group |
|

(2)
Variation of atomic radius across Period 4
There is the general expected
decrease from left to right with increasing nuclear charge
without quantum level expansion or increase in shielding and so
pulling the outer electrons closer. The 3d block of metals (Z = 21 to 30) tend to be similar and in
fact tend to go through a small minimum at Mn/Fe.
For Period 3, the Group1
Alkali Metal (potassium, lowest Z) has the largest atomic radius and the
Group 7/17 Halogens & Group 0/18 Noble Gas (bromine & krypton,
highest Z's) have the smallest atomic radii (there is some
uncertainty in the noble gas radii).
See
also 6.3
Period 4 element trends in bonding and
formulae and 6.4
Important element trends down a Group |
|

(3)
Variation of electronegativity across Period 4
The expected general increase in
electronegativity from left to right is observed but there two
minimums at Mn and Zn. Again, the 3d block tend to have similar
values.
For Period 4, the Group1
Alkali Metal (potassium, lowest Z) has the lowest
electronegativity and the Group 7 Halogen & Group 0/18 Noble Gas (bromine
& krypton, highest Z's) have the highest electronegativities
(there is some uncertainty in the noble gas
electronegativities).
See
also 6.3
Period 4 element trends in bonding and
formulae and 6.4
Important element trends down a Group
|
|

(4)
Variation of melting points and boiling points across Period 4
At the start of the period 4 you get
a steady rise from potassium to vanadium as the number of
valency electrons that can contribute to bonding increases.
However there is a dip for manganese, a rise to iron and then a
steady decline to gallium. The very low values on the right
correspond to bromine (Br2 molecules) and krypton (Kr
atoms) between which there are only the weakest intermolecular
forces.
See
also 6.3
Period 4 element trends in bonding and
formulae and 6.4
Important element trends down a Group |
|

(5) Variation of relative electrical conductivity across Period 4
Copper is quite exceptional in its
electrical conductivity. Most other metals are reasonably good
conductors and the non-metals bromine and krypton are virtually
complete insulators. The rise from potassium to calcium
corresponds to 1 ==> 2 delocalised electrons available for
conduction. However, their is a drop to scandium after which
there is an almost steady rise in conduction presumably
correspond to the increase in 3d electrons available for
conduction. After that it falls with the 3d electrons no longer
available for conduction and the decline in metallic character
of the element.
See
also 6.3
Period 4 element trends in bonding and
formulae and 6.4
Important element trends down a Group |
|

(6)
Variation of density across Period 4
The density steadily rises to a
broad maximum at Co-Ni-Cu. The increase is related to increase
in bonding electrons and decreasing radii. After that, the
number of electrons contributing to bonding decreases so
presumably the atoms are not as tightly bound together and on
the right the change from metallic to non-metallic character.
See
also 6.3
Period 4 element trends in bonding and
formulae and 6.4
Important element trends down a Group |
See also
4.1 Period 2 Survey of the
individual elements, 4.2 Period
2 element trends and explanations of physical properties *
4.3 Period 2 element trends in bonding,
structure, oxidation state, formulae & reactions,
5.1
Period 3 survey of elements,
5.2 Period 3 element trends
& explanations of physical properties
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Kimia Tabel Periodik Catatan Revisi Part 6. Bagian 6. Survei
Periode 4 & tren penting ke grup 6,2 Periode 4 tren &
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