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docbfuel_survey updated Jan 17th 2008 |
Fossil fuels and fuels for the future? e.g. Possible Petrol Replacements
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Fuel Consideration Factor |
Hydrogen H2 |
Methane (Natural Gas) CH4 |
Liquefied Petroleum Gas L.P.G. mostly Propane C3H8, Butane C4H10 |
Methanol CH3OH An oxygenate fuel |
Ethanol CH3CH2OH An oxygenate fuel |
Coal Mainly Carbon but contains some Sulphur |
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Suitability for road transport |
Large volume. Not as convenient as petrol |
Large volume. Not as convenient as petrol |
Not as convenient as petrol but more dense than hydrogen or methane |
Hygroscopic, absorbs water, causes corrosion |
Hygroscopic, absorbs water, causes corrosion |
NO, too inconvenient, polluting and back to the steam engine! |
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Safety in use |
No more flammable or explosive than other gas fuels but more dangerous than liquids |
No more flammable or explosive than other gas fuels but more dangerous than liquids |
No more flammable than other gas fuels but more dangerous than liquids |
Volatile, flammable, toxic liquid |
Volatile, flammable, toxic liquid |
Very safe, not flammable but a bit ‘mucky’! |
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Availability and cost of supply |
Not readily available, made from water by electrolysis – needs energy source - Sun! |
Large naturally occurring reserves |
Large naturally occurring reserves |
More costly, has to be synthesised from CO + H2 |
More costly, has to be synthesised from ethene + water |
Big reserves, easily transported |
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Energy Density J/ kg |
Very high 143000kJ/kg |
High 55600 kJ/kg |
High 50000 kJ/kg |
Lower 22700 kJ/kg |
Lower 29717 kJ/kg |
Moderate 32800 kJ/kg max if pure C |
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Can existing car engines be adapted |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Not applicable! |
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Ease of storage and distribution-can existing network be modified |
As for natural gas, so OK |
Piped delivery, OK |
Stored under pressure, much more dense than natural gas |
Readily stored and transported |
Readily stored and transported |
Readily stored and transported |
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Effect on Environment CO toxic SO2, NO2 irritant, toxic, acid rain Unburned CxHy carcinogens |
Product on combustion water, cleanest possible fuel, no pollutents emitted |
Produces carbon dioxide, a contributor to the ‘Greenhouse Effect’, less CO, NO2 |
Produces carbon dioxide, a contributor to the ‘Greenhouse Effect’ |
Cleaner than alkane fuels, produces less CO, unburned CxHy, NO2 |
Cleaner than alkane fuels, produces less CO, unburned CxHy, NO2 |
Very polluting, lung irritant, SO2 causes acid rain, carcinogens, Greenhouse Effect gases etc. etc. |
Revision notes for studying revising tutoring teaching Advanced Level GCE AS A2 CHEMISTRY courses in unofficial support the Chemistry in any advanced-subsidiary AQA, Edexcel, OCR, CIE, WJEC, SQA and CCEA (NI) UK or Cambridge/London/Edexcel International and OCR/CIE and International Baccalaureate (IB) examinations as well as US grade 11-12 K12 courses.
GCE advanced-A2-AS-subsidiary-IB level chemistry examinations * GCE advanced-A2--AS-subsidiary-IB level chemistry examinations * GCE advanced-A2--AS-subsidiary-IB level chemistry examinations SITE PURPOSE EDUCATION - online learning or 'self-private-tuition' using revision notes, quizzes, practice tests involving ADVANCED LEVEL CHEMISTRY in the areas of REVISING only the CHEMISTRY at Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic via HOMEPAGE in secondary school/schools, 6th form college/colleges, academy/academies or home self-study and may help with 1st year undergraduate university chemistry courses. Hopefully it will encourage interest and understanding of Chemistry, Earth Science and Radioactivity in any country of the world, though the site is written entirely in English. The website is designed to help and unofficially support students/teachers revise-learn/teach the chemistry for modular or co-ordinated examination science courses from UK QCA based AQA, OCR (Oxford and Cambridge), Nuffield, Salters, Cambridge International (CIE), London International, WJEC, CCEA etc. Also, national award assessments-examinations for BTEC-NVQ applied, additional and chemistry science courses, Advanced Subsidiary Level GCE-AS-A2-IB-KS5-BTEC-NVQ exams. National Chemistry assessment levels, International Baccalaureate, K12 higher US grade level examinations for the national curriculum for secondary schools and colleges. The notes should also provide some background theory for a coursework assignment or project. BUT please note that my on-line revision notes and quizzes are no substitute for good classroom teaching-lecturing and thorough studying of your own notes and textbooks, practicing past papers and a copy of the syllabus which are readily downloaded from the examination board sites, but I hope here and there they will lend a tutoring hand on some topic, unit, module etc. For final revision you have to be intellectually honest about what you don't know or follow, YOU have to take the stuff to pieces, analyse what you do/do not understand and reconstruct it so it all makes sense in the end. There is no other way, there are no magic secrets on how to revise and learn, its mainly down to hard work and just good old fashioned study and employing teach-yourself strategies without the need for extra tutors and tutoring lessons. I also think there is too much hit and miss revision using past papers (which I do NOT supply) and not enough systematic revision. I also hope it will help teachers in planning lessons and developing schemes of work for science-chemistry. There are no lesson plans on the site but there are plenty of quizzes to incorporate into classroom activities whether photocopied or on electronic whiteboard projector for use as self-tuition-assessment purposes and a variety of teaching and learning styles and the images may be used in Microsoft Word documents and powerpoint projections. The site seems to be used by a large number of home study tutors, particularly the revision notes. An individual tutor may print out the notes for science-chemistry learning teaching-tuition purposes and for background material for assignments and projects. I have no interest or time in producing WORD.doc or xxxx.pdf files of the notes at the moment. Neither have I time to write up many practical laboratory experiments ('lab'-'labs') at the moment, but the notes contain lots of background information of chemical reactions in terms of observations-balanced equations-reactants-products-theory etc. I also find it difficult to recommend specific exam websites or syllabus textbooks, it depends exactly on what you need, what you have time for, and there are so many of them to choose from and I do not supply past examination papers for classes. The sites resources include revision notes, quizzes and worksheets which provide support for home study or tuition for homework and coursework help e.g. science investigations for any of the key stage courses indicated, but I do not supply lesson plans. Dr W P Brown GCE A AS A2 IB Advanced-Subsidiary Level Chemistry 10-10-2007 GCE advanced-A2--AS-subsidiary-IB level chemistry examinations * GCE advanced-A2--AS-subsidiary-IB level chemistry examinations * GCE advanced-A2--AS-subsidiary-IB level chemistry examinations Online free help resources for Key Stages 3 SATs (S.A.T.s), 4 & 5 AQA, Edexcel, OCR, CIE WJEC CCEA GCSE IGCSE BTEC Science, GCE, AS, A2 Advanced subsidiary Chemistry A levels, Oxford & Cambridge London International Baccalaureate IB Diploma and US K12 (K-12 grades) courses and examinations and revising for the various syllabuses and specifications. Exploring the site for lessons, plans, ideas for projects and coursework, professional development. Through hard work the site has been built up over the course of many years with no need of special pc software except FrontPage and Hot Potatoes (uvic) for quizzes and worksheets. It is used in the classroom, home learning-tutoring-schooling and guidance, private tuition, school retakes revision. Whether you are a teacher/tutor teaching, a student studying, using the pages as self-study guides for your science-chemistry studies etc. etc. I hope the site supports your endeavour. 15-12-07 © Dr W P Brown
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docbfuel_survey updated Jan 17th 2008 |