* GCE Advanced Organic Chemistry NAMING & STRUCTURE of ALCOHOLS and ETHERS at Doc Brown's
|
|
Doc Brown's Chemistry Revising Organic Chemistry The Molecular Structure and Nomenclature (naming) of the homologous series of ALCOHOLS of general formula CnH2n+1OH (and some isomeric ethers) Part 1 Examples of displayed formula of alcohol and ether molecules, graphic formula, molecular formula, skeletal formula, structural formula of this homologous series including isomers of molecular formula up to C7H16O, lower ETHER (alkoxyalkanes) functional group isomers and epoxyalkanes Revision notes for GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level AS Advanced Level A2 IB Revise AQA GCE Chemistry OCR GCE Chemistry Edexcel GCE Chemistry Salters Chemistry CIE Chemistry revising courses for pre-university students (equal to US grade 11 and grade 12 and Honours/honors level courses) Examples of 1b chloroalcohols, 2. Diols/triols, 3. Cyclo-alcohols, 4. Phenols, 5. Epoxy compounds organic chemical id tests * Summary of functional groups Some 'old' and commercial names are quoted in () though their use should be avoided if possible. m/c quiz naming alcohols/ethers * type in name quiz on alcohols/ethers Intermolecular forces & boiling points of alcohols compared to other organic molecules The shapes and bond angles of simple molecules - section on bond angles in organic molecules A brief guide to alcohol, ether and epoxy-alkane structure-naming-nomenclature
1a Aliphatic alcohols CnH2n+1OH (and isomeric ethers) (1) The simplest alcohol is methanol
(prim)
(methyl alcohol), molecular formula of (a) and four structural formulae representations: (b) the latter gives a 3-dimensional structural formula impression of the molecule. NOTES: (1) all the C-C-H, H-C-H, C-O-H, C-C-O or H-C-O bond angles are all approximately 109 degrees in all the non-cyclic alcohols or alkanols shown here or below. (2) From (b), the most 'shortened' structural formula, to (d), the most detailed structural formula, show increasing detail of the specific bonds and spatial arrangement of the atoms. (3)The naming of alcohols is based on the longest carbon chain and the suffix 'ol' meaning the functional group -OH (hydroxyl) attached to the carbon chain. (2) The next alcohol is ethanol
(prim) (ethyl
alcohol, 'alcohol'), molecular formula (a) five structural formulae representations (b) NOTE: The skeletal formula is that of ethane plus the -OH, so the bond between the carbon chain and the hydroxyl group is shown in the skeletal formula - do NOT confuse it with a 'propane skeleton' - watch out for this in alcohols, ethers and any other structures where a H atom is replaced by a group that is NOT alkyl. The skeletal formula usually represents the bond network /\/ etc. apart from the C-H bonds.
(3) With the molecular formula (a)
There are two structural (position) isomers of alcohols/alkanols of molecular formula (4) Propan-1-ol (prim) (1-propanol, n-propanol, n-propyl alcohol) has the structural formulae (a) or (d) NOTE a suffix number is now needed to show the position of the -OH or 'ol' functional group.
(5) Propan-2-ol (sec) (2-propanol, isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol) has the structural formulae (a) (d)
(6) There is one ether functional group structural isomer with the molecular formula (a) (b) (e)
There are four structural isomers of (7) Butan-1-ol (prim) (1-butanol, n-butanol, n-butyl alcohol), shortened structural formulae (a) and the skeletal formula is (c)
(8) Butan-2-ol (sec) (2-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, shortened structural formulae (a) or (b)
(9) 2-methylpropan-1-ol (sec) (isobutyl alcohol, isobutanol), shortened structural formulae (a)
(10) 2-methylpropan-2-ol (tert) (tert-butyl
alcohol), shortened structural formulae (a) or (b)
There are three isomeric ethers, isomeric with the alcohols of molecular formula
(11) ethoxyethane (diethyl ether,
'ether'), structural formulae (a)
(12) 1-methoxypropane (use of prefix number now required), shortened structural formulae (a)
(13) 2-methoxypropane, shortened structural formula (a)
There are 8 isomeric alcohols derived from the molecular formula (14) pentan-1-ol (1-pentanol, n-pentanol,
n-pentyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol), , shortened structural formula (a)
(15) pentan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(16) pentan-3-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(17) 2-methylbutan-1-ol ('active' amyl
alcohol), shortened structural formula (a)
(18) 3-methylbutan-1-ol (isopentanol,
isoamyl alcohol), shortened structural formula (a)
(19) 2-methylbutan-2-ol (t-amyl alcohol,
t-pentanol), shortened structural formula (a)
(20) 3-methylbutan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(21) 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol (neopentyl
alcohol), shortened structural formula (a)
There are 6 isomeric ethers, also isomeric with the above 8 alcohols derived from the molecular formula (22) 1-methoxybutane, shortened structural formula (a)
(23) 2-methoxybutane, shortened structural formula (a)
(24) 1-ethoxypropane, shortened structural formula (a)
(25) 2-ethoxypropane, shortened structural formula (a)
(26) 1-methoxy-2-methylpropane, shortened structural formula (a)
(27) 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane, shortened structural formula (a)
There are 17 isomeric alcohols derived from the molecular formula (28) hexan-1-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(29) hexan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(30) hexan-3-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(31) 2-methylpentan-1-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(32) 3-methylpentan-1-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(33) 4-methylpentan-1-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(34) 2-methylpentan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(35) 3-methylpentan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(36) 4-methylpentan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(37) 2-methylpentan-3-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(38) 3-methylpentan-3-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(39) 2,2-dimethylbutan-1-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(40) 2,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(41) 3,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(42) 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(43) 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol, shortened structural formula (a)
(44) 2-ethylbutan-1-ol (name does not fit in with longest carbon chain rule, but a logical name to use), shortened structural formula (a)
1b Examples of aliphatic 'chloroalcohols' 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
CH4O C2H6O C3H8O C4H10O C5H12O C6H14O C7H16O
|
| Merevisi Kimia Kimia Organik The Molecular Structure and Nomenclature (naming) of t he homologous series of ALCOHOLS of general formula The Molekul Struktur dan Nomenklatur (penamaan) dari t dia homolog serangkaian ALKOHOL H 2n rumus umum (dan beberapa eter isomerik) Bagian Contoh formula ditampilkan alkohol dan molekul eter, rumus grafis, rumus molekul, rumus kerangka, rumus struktur d(spanish) Doc Brown Revisión Química Química Orgánica Part 1 La estructura molecular y la nomenclatura (nombres) de l serie homóloga de alcoholes de fórmula general CnH2n1OH (y algunos éteres isómeros) Ejemplos de la fórmula muestra de alcohol y las moléculas de éter, fórmula desarrollada, fórmula molecular, la fórmula del esqueleto, la fórmula estructural de este series homólogas incluidos los isómeros de fórmula molecular hasta C7H16O, más baja ÉTER (alkoxyalkanes) Grupo de isómeros funcionales y epoxyalkanes ari seri homolog, termasuk isomer dari rumus molekul sampai ke, eter lebih rendah (alkoxyalkanes) isomer gugus fungsi dan epoxyalkanes (indonesia) * Part 1 البنية الجزيئية والتسميات (التسمية) من انه ر سلسلة متماثلة من الكحول عامة حاء جيم صيغة أوهايو 2n +1 ن (وبعض الإثيرات ايزوميريا) الجزء 1 ومن الأمثلة على الصيغة المعروضة من الكحول وجزيئات الإثير ، والصيغة الرسم ، والصيغة الجزيئية ، وصيغة الهيكل العظمي ، والصيغة البنائية لهذه السلسلة المتماثلة بما في ذلك الصيغة الجزيئية من ايزومرات ما يصل الى 16 ج 7 يا ه ، وانخفاض الأثير ( الهيكسين جماعة وظيفية وepoxyalkanes * (portuguese) Doc Brown de Revisão Química Química Orgânica Part 1 A estrutura molecular ea nomenclatura (nome) de t ele série homóloga de álcoois de fórmula geral CnH2n1OH (e alguns éteres isomérica) Parte 1 Exemplos de fórmulas indicadas as moléculas de álcool e éter, a fórmula de gráfico, fórmula molecular, a fórmula do esqueleto, a fórmula estrutural da série homóloga incluindo isómeros de fórmula molecular até C7H16O, menor éter (alkoxyalkanes) isómeros de grupo funcional e epoxyalkanes Exemplos de 1b chloroalcohols , 2. Dióis / Trióis , 3. ciclo-álcoois , 4. Fenóis , 5. Compostos de Epóxi * (italian) Doc Brown Rivedere Chimica Chimica Organica Part 1 La struttura molecolare e nomenclatura (denominazione) di T si omologa serie di alcoli di generale formula CnH2n1OH (e alcuni eteri isomeri) Parte 1 Esempi di formula visualizzata di alcool e di molecole di etere, formula grafica, formula molecolare, formula scheletrico, formula di struttura di questa serie omologa compresi gli isomeri di formula molecolare fino a C7H16O, più basso etere (alkoxyalkanes) isomeri gruppo funzionale e epoxyalkanes Esempi di 1b chloroalcohols , 2. Dioli / triols , 3. Cyclo-alcoli , 4. Fenoli , 5. composti di resina epossidica * (latvian) Doc Brown Chemija peržiūrėjimas Organinė chemija Part 1 Molekulinę struktūrą ir nomenklatūros (pavadinimų) T jis homologinės eilės alkoholių bendra formulė CnH2n+1OH (ir kai kurie izomeriniais eteriai) 1 dalis Pavyzdžiai rodomas formulės alkoholis ir eteris molekulių, grafika formulė, molekulinė formulė, skeleto formulė, struktūrinė formulė šio homologinės eilės įskaitant izomerus molekulinė formulė iki C7H16O, mažiau eterio (alkoxyalkanes) funkcinė grupė izomerai ir epoxyalkanes Pavyzdžiai 1b chloroalcohols , 2. diolių / triols , 3. dviračių alkoholiai , 4. Fenoliai , 5. Epoksidiniai junginiai Kai kurie "senosios" ir komerciniai pavadinimai yra kotiruojamos (), nors jų naudojimas turėtų būti kiek įmanoma vengti * |