* GCE Advanced Organic Chemistry NAMING & STRUCTURE of ALDEHYDES-KETONES at Doc Brown's
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Doc Brown's Chemistry Revising Organic Chemistry The molecular structure and naming of ALDEHYDES and KETONES - including nomenclature of some isomers Revision notes for GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level AS Advanced Level A2 IB Revise AQA GCE Chemistry OCR GCE Chemistry Edexcel GCE Chemistry Salters Chemistry CIE Chemistry revising courses for pre-university students (equal to US grade 11 and grade 12 and Honours/honors level courses) Examples of displayed formula of aldehydes and ketones, graphic formula, molecular formula, skeletal formula, structural formula of this homologous series Summary of Organic Functional Groups * Notes * Quiz summary of organic chemistry id tests Structure & Naming of Alcohols & Ethers notes and quizzes Structure & naming of carboxylic acids-derivatives & quiz Naming aldehydes or ketones QUIZ: multiple choice or type in name quiz Intermolecular forces & boiling points of aldehydes & ketones compared to other organic molecules The shapes and bond angles of simple molecules - section on bond angles in organic molecules Revision notes on the structure and naming-nomenclature of (i) Aldehydes and (ii) Ketones and (iii) notes on comparing alcohol and phenol structures and oxidation sequence: alcohol ==> aldehyde/ketone ==> carboxylic acid
(i) Examples of Aldehydes
, ,
, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
Other examples of substituted ketones e.g. iodoketones 1. to 3., 5. to 6. and 10. are formed by the reaction of the parent ketone with iodine in the presence of an acid (e.g. HCl(aq), because H+(aq) catalyses the reaction)
(iii) Alcohol oxidation sequences Alcohols can be readily oxidised to aldehydes and ketones and aldehydes are easily oxidised further to carboxylic acids. The reagent can potassium dichromate(VI) K2Cr2O7 , acidified with diluted sulphuric acid H2SO4(aq) (colour change is orange to green). However the oxidation products depend on the original structure of the alcohol. The alcohol functional group -OH in aliphatic alcohols is classified into primary, secondary and tertiary types (see below). When the -OH is attached directly to a benzene ring the molecule is called a phenol. Primary aliphatic alcohols R-OH, R is H or alkyl: When oxidised they form aldehydes and then further oxidation gives a relatively stable carboxylic acid e.g.
Secondary aliphatic alcohols R-CH(OH)-R', R or R' are both alkyl (can be aryl): When oxidised they form relatively stable ketones (see NOTE below) e.g.
Tertiary aliphatic alcohols RR'R"C-OH, where R,R' or R" are all alkyl (or aryl): These are relatively stable to oxidation (see NOTE 1. further down) e.g.
2-methylbutan-2-o l,
3-methylpentan-3-o l,
NOTE:
Phenols ROH, R=aryl (i.e. the -OH group is directly attached to a benzene ring): Some are quite stable to oxidation, but others, like phenol itself, are quite readily oxidised to complex aromatic products. Examples of phenols …
CH2O HCHO C2H4O CH3CHO C3H6O CH3CH2CHO CH3COCH3 C4H8O CH3CH2CH2CHO CH3COCH2CH3 C5H10O CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO CH3COCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2COCH2CH3
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| La revisión de Química Orgánica La estructura molecular y de nomenclatura de aldehídos y cetonas - incluyendo la nomenclatura de algunos isómeros Ejemplos de la fórmula muestra de aldehídos y cetonas, fórmula desarrollada, fórmula molecular, la fórmula del esqueleto, la fórmula estructural de este series homólogas (spanish) * (slovenian) Doc Brown's kemiju Revising Organic Chemistry Revizija organsku kemiju Molekulska struktura i imenovanje aldehide i ketone uključujući nomenklatura neke izomera Primjeri prikazana formula aldehida i ketona, grafički formula, molekularna formula, formula skeletni, strukturna formula ovog homolognom nizu * (german) Überarbeitung Organische Chemie Die molekulare Struktur und Benennung von Aldehyden und Ketonen - einschließlich Nomenklatur einiger Isomere Beispiele angezeigten Formel Aldehyde und Ketone, Grafik, Summenformel, Skelett-Formel, Strukturformel dieser homologen Reihe * (portuguese) Doc Brown de Química Revising Organic Chemistry Revisão de Química Orgânica A estrutura molecular ea nomenclatura de aldeídos e cetonas - incluindo a nomenclatura de alguns isômeros Revisão de notas Subsidiária Nível Nível Avançado Rever Química revisão cursos para estudantes pré-universitários (igual E.U. grau 11 e grau 12 e Títulos / nível de cursos de honras) Exemplos de fórmulas indicadas de aldeídos e cetonas, a fórmula de gráfico, fórmula molecular, a fórmula do esqueleto, a fórmula estrutural da série homóloga * (indonesian) Doc Brown Kimia Revising Organic Chemistry Merevisi Kimia Organik Struktur molekul dan penamaan aldehida dan keton - termasuk tata-nama dari beberapa isomer Contoh formula ditampilkan dari aldehida dan keton, rumus grafis, rumus molekul, rumus kerangka, rumus struktur dari seri homolog. Contoh formula ditampilkan dari aldehida dan keton, rumus grafis, rumus molekul, rumus kerangka, rumus struktur dari seri homolog. Catatan Revisi pada t ia struktur dan penamaan-penamaan (siklik dari aldehida i) dan (ii) Keton Aldehida dan keton adalah kelompok senyawa yang mengandung gugus karbonil, C=O. Aldehida selalu memiliki atom hidrogen terikat pada karbon dari gugus karbonil, sehingga kelompok fungsional adalah-CHO (lihat diagram). Kelompok fungsional ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan 'al' di bagian akhiran dari nama misalnya metanal, ethanal, dll propanal Keton selalu memiliki dua atom karbon terikat pada atom karbon dari gugus karbonil, sehingga kelompok fungsional adalah C-CO-C (lihat diagram). Kelompok fungsional ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan 'satu' di bagian akhiran dari nama misalnya propanon, butanone, heksan-3-satu dll. Jumlah substituen didasarkan pada memberikan C=O karbon angka terendah misalnya 2- methylbutanal ('al' posisi = 1). Posisi jumlah = O keton grup C harus ditentukan untuk rantai karbon lebih dari 4, atau kurang, jika substituen hadir misalnya 3- methylbutan-2-satu, heptan-2-satu, heptan-3-satu dan heptan -4-satu (tidak ada-heptan 1-satu, ini heptanal!). Untuk hal yang sama 'karbon nomor', aldehida dan keton adalah struktural dan fungsional berdasarkan kelompok isomer misalnya untuk senyawa karbonil alifatik CnH2nO * |
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