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study examples carefully10. Reacting gas volume ratios of reactants or products (Avogadro's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law)

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study examples carefully10. Reacting gas volume ratios of reactants or products (Avogadro's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law)

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  • Historically Gay-Lussac's Law of volumes states that gases combine with each other in simple proportions by volume

  • Avogadro's Law states that 'equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules' or moles of gas.

  • This means the molecule ratio of the equation or the relative moles of reactants and products automatically gives us the gas volumes ratio of reactants and products, if all the gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.

  • This calculation only applies to gaseous reactants or products AND if they are all at the same temperature and pressure.

  • Example 10.1: HCl(g) + NH3(g) ==> NH4Cl(s) 

    • 1 volume of hydrogen chloride will react with 1 volume of ammonia to form solid ammonium chloride

    • e.g. 25cm3 + 25cm3 ==> products or 400dm3 + 400 dm3 ==> products (no gas formed)

  • Example 10.2: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ==> 2NH3(g)

    • 1 volume of nitrogen reacts with 3 volumes of hydrogen to produce 2 volumes of ammonia

    • e.g. 50 cm3 nitrogen reacts with 150 cm3 hydrogen (3 x 50) ==> 100 cm3 of ammonia (2 x 50)

  • Example 10.3C3H8(g)  + 5O2(g) ==> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

    • (a) What volume of oxygen is required to burn 25cm3 of propane, C3H8.

      • Theoretical reactant volume ratio is C3H8 : O2 is 1 : 5 for burning the fuel propane.

      • so actual ratio is 25 : 5x25, so 125cm3 oxygen is needed.

    • (b) What volume of carbon dioxide is formed if 5dm3 of propane is burned?

      • Theoretical reactant-product volume ratio is C3H8 : CO2 is 1 : 3

      • so actual ratio is 5 : 3x5, so 15dm3 carbon dioxide is formed.

    • (c) What volume of air (1/5th oxygen) is required to burn propane at the rate of 2dm3 per minute in a gas fire?

      • Theoretical reactant volume ratio is C3H8 : O2 is 1 : 5

      • so actual ratio is 2 : 5x2, so 10dm3 oxygen per minute is needed,

      • therefore, since air is only 1/5th O2,  5 x 10 = 50dm3 of air per minute is required

  • Example 10.4:

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* Copyright © Dr W P Brown 2000-2008 All rights reserved including the revision notes pages, quizzes, worksheets etc. * Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic * www.docbrown.info/ *

These chemical calculations pages of revision notes will also prove useful for basic revision for students studying revising tutoring teaching Advanced Level GCE AS A2 IB CHEMISTRY courses in unofficial support the Chemistry in any advanced-subsidiary AQA, EDEXCEL, OCR, CIE, WJEC, SQA and CCEA (NI) UK or Cambridge/London/Edexcel International and OCR/CIE International examinations.

KS4 SCIENCE - Additional & Applied Chemistry help AQA GCSE Science - Chemistry CCEA GCSE Science - Chemistry Edexcel GCSE 360Science - Chemistry OCR GCSE 21st Century Science Suite - Chemistry  OCR GCSE Gateway Science Suite - Chemistry OCR GCSE Applied Science - Chemistry (double award) WJEC GCSE Science - Chemistry

ALL my KS3 SCIENCE Revision Quizzes (~US K12 grades 6,7,8)

GCSE-IGCSE-KS4 Science-CHEMISTRY notes & quizzes (~US K12 grades 9-10)

Advanced Level CHEMISTRY GCE AS A2 IB notes and quizzes (~US K12 grades 11-12)

docb4_73calcs10rgv page updated 28th May 2008

 All my GCE-AS-A2-IB AQA, Edexcel, OCR etc. Advanced Level Chemistry syllabus-specification help links

ks4 science examinations gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision * SITE PURPOSE EDUCATION - online learning or 'self-private-tuition' using revision notes, quizzes, practice tests involving GCSE Science CHEMISTRY in the areas of REVISING only the CHEMISTRY-Earth Science-Radioactivity at Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic via HOMEPAGE in secondary school/schools, 6th form college/colleges, academy/academies or home self-study. Hopefully it will encourage interest and understanding of Chemistry, Earth Science and Radioactivity in any country of the world, though the site is written entirely in English. The website is designed to help and unofficially support students/teachers revise-learn/teach the chemistry for modular or co-ordinated examination science courses from UK QCA based AQA, OCR (Oxford and Cambridge) Twenty First (21st) Century and Gateway Science, Edexcel 360Science , Nuffield, Salters, Cambridge International (CIE), London International, WJEC, CCEA exams etc. Also, national award assessments-examinations for GCSE-IGCSE-KS4-O level-BTEC-NVQ applied, additional and chemistry national science courses. Also covers, mainly via quizzes the UK National KS3 SATs Science-biology/chemistry/physics (SAT revision levels 3-5 or 5-7) and covers much of the revising, learning and teaching chemistry examinations for the national curriculum for secondary schools and colleges. The site does not support the content of England, Wales or Northern Ireland primary science KS1 or KS2. The notes should also provide some background theory for a coursework assignment or project. BUT please note that my on-line revision notes and quizzes are no substitute for good classroom teaching-lecturing and thorough studying of your own notes and textbooks, practicing past papers and a copy of the syllabus which are readily downloaded from the examination board sites, but I hope here and there they will lend a tutoring hand on some topic, unit, module etc. For final revision you have to be intellectually honest about what you don't know or follow, YOU have to take the stuff to pieces, analyse what you do/do not understand and reconstruct it so it all makes sense in the end. There is no other way, there are no magic secrets on how to revise and learn, its mainly down to hard work and just good old fashioned study and employing teach-yourself strategies without the need for extra tutors and tutoring lessons. I also think there is too much hit and miss revision using past papers (which I do NOT supply) and not enough systematic revision. I also hope it will help teachers in planning lessons and developing schemes of work for science-chemistry. There are no lesson plans on the site but there are plenty of quizzes to incorporate into classroom activities whether photocopied or on electronic whiteboard projector for use as self-tuition-assessment purposes and a variety of teaching and learning styles and the images may be used in Microsoft Word documents and powerpoint projections. The site seems to be used by a large number of home study tutors, particularly the revision notes. An individual tutor may print out the notes for science-chemistry learning teaching-tuition purposes and for background material for assignments and projects. I have no interest or time in producing WORD.doc or xxxx.pdf files of the notes at the moment. Neither have I time to write up many practical laboratory experiments ('lab'-'labs') at the moment, but the notes contain lots of background information of chemical reactions in terms of observations-balanced equations-reactants-products-theory etc. I also find it difficult to recommend specific exam websites or syllabus textbooks, it depends exactly on what you need, what you have time for, and there are so many of them to choose from and I do not supply past examination papers for classes. The sites resources include revision notes, quizzes and worksheets which provide support for home study or tuition for homework and coursework help e.g. science investigations for any of the key stage courses indicated, but I do not supply lesson plans.  Dr W P Brown gcse 10-11-2007 *  ks4 science examinations gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision *  ks4 science examinations-gcse-igcse chemistry revision

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