(a) Radioactive isotopes (bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable) are atoms with bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable nuclei.

(b) When this nucleus splits up (bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable) it emits radiation and an atom with a different number of protons is formed i.e. a different bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable.

(c) Alpha radiation particles consist of a bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable nucleus made up of two bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable and two neutrons.

(d) In alpha decay, the atomic number of the atom decreases by bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable and the mass number decreases by bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable.

(e) Beta radiation consists of high-energy bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable emitted from the nuclei of unstable atoms.

(f) For each electron emitted, a bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable in the nucleus becomes a bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable and the atomic number of the atom increases by one.

(g) Gamma radiation is very short wavelength bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable radiation and highly bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable.

(h) Nuclear reactors use a process called bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable. When atoms with a bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable nucleus is bombarded with bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable the nucleus splits into two bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable nuclei.

(i) Further neutrons are then released which may cause further nuclear fission resulting in a bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable. The new atoms which are formed are themselves often radioactive and release large amounts of bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable in the process.

(h) The energy released by an atom during radioactive disintegration or nuclear fission is very bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable compared to the energy released when a bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable bondchainchemicaldisintegrateselectromagneticelectronselementenergyfissionfourheliumlargelargerneutronneutronsnuclearpenetratingprotonprotonsradioisotopesreactionsmallertwounstable is made between two atoms.