Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic

KS3 Science GCSE-IGCSE and GCE-AS-A2-IB Advanced Level Chemistry

Alphabetical Site Index for Chemistry, Radioactivity and Earth Science

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Academic level guide: KS3 = UK Y7-9 SCIENCE ~USA grades 6-8

GCSE = UK SCIENCE KS4 Y10-11 = IGCSE = BTEC National 1st Diploma level 2 ~USA grades 9-10

ADVAN(basic) means useful starter ideas from GCSE for Advanced AS Chemistry

ADVAN = Advanced Level CHEMISTRY = UK KS5 GCE AS A2 VCE Y12-Y13 BTEC National Diploma level 3 = ~USA grades 11-12 (K12).

S...

s block elements : ADVAN detailed notes on Group 1-2 Metals : ADVAN Gps 1-2 data-graphs-group trends : AS basic m/c Quiz : 

sacrificial corrosion : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) stopping iron/steel rusting : 

'salt', 'common table salt' : see sodium chloride : 

salt hydrolysis : ADVAN examples explained (also use top sub-index) :

Salters/OCR exam board : GCSE Science-Chemistry support-help links : Salters Advanced Chemistry AS homepage : A2 homepage : Revision index : 

salts : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) general solubility rules : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) soluble salt preparation by neutralisation : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) preparation by direct synthesis-combination of elements/precipitation : 

sandstone - sedimentary rock : KS3-GCSE rock formation : 

samarium, Sm :

saturated molecules : GCSE alkanes-structure-uses : GCSE alkanes-extra organic chemistry : ADVAN Functional Groups :

saturated solution : GCSE explained-solubility or KS3-GCSE e.g. in salt purification-crystallisation : 

scandium, Sc : GCSE-notes-transition metals : GCSE-position in periodic table : GCSE-ADVAN data : info-links to other websites : ADVAN detailed notes scandium 3d-block :

scale-limescale : GCSE hard/soft water : 

schist - metamorphic rock : GCSE formation : 

scum : GCSE hard/soft water : 

seaborgium, Sg :

secondary - classification of organic molecules (or protein structure) : ADVAN explained : ADVAN alcohols : ADVAN halogenoalkanes : ADVAN amides : ADVAN protein structure : ADVAN aromatic amines-structure-naming : ADVAN more examples of organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : 

secondary, primary and fuel cells/batteries : ADVAN advanced notes - examples explained (also use top 7. sub-index) :

sedimentary rocks/sedimentation : GCSE Earth Science notes :

selenium, Se : GCSE-AS metalloid/semi-metal use note :

self-ionization : ADVAN of water : ADVAN of ammonia :

semi-metals/metalloids : GCSE-AS properties/uses notes :

separating funnel : KS3-GCSE-AS description-diagram-uses of :

separation of mixtures : KS3-GCSE notes on methods : KS3 easy quiz :

series : GCSE Transition Metals : GCSE metal reactivity : 

shale - sedimentary rock : GCSE rock formation : 

shapes of molecules : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) covalent bonding notes : AS examples, names, ox electron diagrams, bond angles : 

shells of electrons : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) atomic structure : GCSE outer shell related to reactivity - Gp7 Halogen reactivity or Gp1 Alkali Metal reactivity or ionic/covalent bonding : 

shift of electrons : ADVAN organic mechanisms : 

'shortened' structural formula/formulae : ADVAN explained using alkane examples :

sievert : unit of radioactivity : 

silane, SiH_4(g) : GCSE-AS molecule-bonding : AS shape-bond angle : 

silica : see silicon dioxide below

silicon, Si : position and group in periodic table : GCSE-AS metalloid/semi-metal use note : GCSE-AS structure and bonding :

silicon dioxide, silicon(IV) oxide, silica, SiO_2(s) : GCSE-AS giant covalent structure - bonding and properties : 

silicon hydride, SiH₄ :  ADVAN molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

silver, Ag, compounds : GCSE- lack of reactivity/displacement : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) silver salts-photography : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) electroplating :

silver nitrate, AgNO₃ : ADVAN-estimation of chloride silver nitrate titration Q's :

simple cell - battery : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) simple design and explanation : 

simple molecules : GCSE-AS covalent bonding notes :

simple distillation : GCSE-KS3 explanation-examples : 

single bonds : GCSE-AS covalent bond explained : GCSE e.g. in alkanes-oil product hydrocarbons : 

skeletal formula/formulae : ADVAN explained using alkane examples : ADVAN explained-examples-links homologous series : 

slag : GCSE-AS formation in blast furnace : 

slaked lime, calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)_2(s) : GCSE-AS formation and uses :

slate - metamorphic rock : GCSE formation : 

Smithsonite/calamine ore (zinc carbonate) : GCSE effect of heating/zinc metal extraction :

S_N1 and S_N2 : ADVAN organic mechanisms : ADVAN halogenoalkane nucleophilic substitution mechanisms :

soapless detergents : GCSE hard/soft water : 

soaps-detergents : GCSE effect with hard water : GCSE making soap :

sodium and compounds, Na , in  Group 1 The Alkali Metals : GCSE-data-properties-chemical reactions-uses : GCSE-AS electrolytic extraction of sodium : GCSE-reactivity-reactions involving oxygen/water/acids/displacement : ADVAN data : ADVAN detailed notes on elements/compounds : info-links to other websites : 

sodium bicarbonate : see sodium hydrogencarbonate

sodium borohydride

sodium bromide, NaBr: 

sodium carbonate, Na₂CO_3(s), Na₂CO₃.10H₂O_(s) hydrated crystals - washing soda : GCSE used in softening hard water : ADVAN use in volumetric titrations :

sodium chlorate(I), (sodium hypochlorite), NaOCl_(aq) : GCSE uses of chlorine - bleaches :

sodium chloride, 'common salt', 'salt', NaCl_(s), [brine, NaCl_(aq)] : KS3-GCSE formation-neutralisation : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) ionic bonding-structure-properties : GCSE Group 7 Halogen salt-brine electrolysis, production and uses of products :  GCSE formation from neutralisation : GCSE electrolysis experiments : 

sodium fluoride, NaF : 

sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO_3(s), 'bicarbonate of soda', 'bicarb' : GCSE reactions with acids : GCSE use as raising agent in cooking : 

sodium hydrogensulphate, sodium hydrogensulfate, NaHSO₄ : 

sodium hydroxide, NaOH : KS3-GCSE reaction with acids : GCSE salt-brine electrolysis - production-uses of products : ADVAN use in volumetric titrations :

sodium hypochlorite : see sodium chlorate(I) above

sodium iodide, NaI : 

sodium nitrate, sodium nitrate(V), NaNO₃ : 

sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate(III), NaNO₂ : ADVAN titration of with potassium manganate(VII) calculation :

sodium oxide, Na₂O :  

sodium tetrahydridoborate(III), NaBH₄ (sodium borohydride) : ADVAN reduction of organic compounds :

sodium thiosulfate - see sodium thiosulphate below

sodium thiosulphate, Na₂S₂O₃, 'thio' : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) rate of reaction experiment with acid : ADVAN acid reaction kinetics : ADVAN volumetric iodine titration calculations : 

soft (and water) water : GCSE explained-examples and types-treatments

solder : 

solids : KS3-GCSE-ADVAN(basic) kinetic particle theory/ properties/diagrams : GCSE m/c Quiz : identity tests for : 

sols : GCSE explained-examples and types

solubility : (KS3)GCSE-AS explained-examples-rules-graphs-salt curves-general rules for  salts/oxides/hydroxides/carbonates  : 

solubility product : ADVAN equilibrium and calculations :

soluble : GCSE-KS3 word explained and examples or e.g. in salt purification : GCSE-KS3 particle pictures :

solute : GCSE-KS3 word explained and examples or e.g. in salt purification : GCSE-KS3 particle pictures :

solution : GCSE-KS3 word explained and examples or e.g. in salt purification : GCSE-KS3 particle pictures :

solvent : GCSE-KS3 word explained and examples or e.g. in salt purification : GCSE-KS3 particle pictures :

solvent extraction : KS3-GCSE simple example : ADVAN solute distribution between two immiscible liquids, partition coefficient , calculations and uses :

soot-carbon : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) burning oil products-hydrocarbon-fossil fuels-incomplete combustion pollution : 

sphalerite/zinc blende ore : GCSE zinc metal extraction :

spontaneous ? : KS3-GCSE combustion : ADVAN thermodynamically feasible :

SQA Scottish exam board : Science-Chemistry support-help links : 

stainless steel : GCSE iron-chromium-nickel alloys : 

standard hydrogen electrode :  ADVAN explained (also use top 7. sub-index) :

starch : GCSE-A(basic) structure : 

state symbols e.g. in equations : GCSE explained-examples : 

states of matter - gas/liquid/solid :KS3 easy quiz : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) detailed notes on kinetic particle theory and their properties : GCSE m/c Quiz : 

steam distillation : ADVAN use in phenylamine preparation-diagrams :

steel : GCSE making-uses-rust prevention : GCSE metal reactivity-rust prevention : GCSE Transition Metal uses : 

stereoisomerism/stereochemistry : ADVAN detailed notes-examples on geometrical/optical/amino acids-protein-enzyme structure-function : 

stereospecific/stereospecificity : ADVAN enzyme function : ADVAN explained for organic reactions : 

steric hindrance : ADVAN explained for organic reactions : 

steroids : GCSE-AS cholesterol structure : 

stings - bee/wasp treatment : KS3-GCSE explained-treatment : 

stirring : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) rates of reaction factor : 

strong acids/bases/alkalis : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) examples-explained : ADVAN detailed advanced theory notes and calculations (use sub-index 5. near top of page) :

strontium and compounds, Sr : ADVAN detailed notes s-block Gp 1/2 elements/compounds : ADVAN data-graphs Gps 1/2 : : 

structural formula : GCSE e.g. hydrocarbons-oil products : GCSE extra organic chemistry : ADVAN explained using alkane examples : ADVAN various styles : 

structural isomerism : ADVAN detailed notes-examples : 

structural materials : GCSE polymer-structure-uses : GCSE polymer-bonding : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) metal-bonding-structure- properties : GCSE using metals steel/titanium/aluminium/alloys : 

subduction : GCSE Earth Science notes : 

sublimation/sublime (physical state change) : KS3-GCSE explained-examples : 

substitution : GCSE simple example explained : ADVAN explained for organic reactions : 

sucrose : GCSE-A(basic) structure : 

sugars : GCSE structure : GCSE effect of conc. sulphuric acid : 

sulfate/sulphate/sulphate(VI), SO₄^2- : Test for : ADVAN shape-bond angle, dot & cross diagram :

sulfides/sulphides : GCSE ores for metal extraction copper or zinc : ADVAN acid-base reaction with acids to form H₂S :

sulfite/sulphite/sulphate(IV), SO₃^2- : Test for : ADVAN oxidation with halogen : ADVAN shape-bond angle, dot & cross diagram :

sulfonation/sulphonation and sulfonic/sulphonic acids : ADVAN aromatic compound formation mechanisms  : ADVAN aromatic-structure-naming : 

sulfur(VI) fluoride (sulphur hexafluoride), SiH₄ :  ADVAN molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

sulfuric acid - see sulphuric acid below

sulphate/sulphite - see sulfate/sulfite above

sulphides : see sulfides above

sulphur/sulfur, S :position and group in periodic table :  

sulphur dioxide,  or sulphur(IV) oxide, SO_2(g) : Test for : GCSE fossil fuel burning-pollution : SO₂ gas preparation and collection : GCSE formation-use in Contact Process : ADVAN oxidation with halogen : ADVAN shape-bond angle, dot & cross diagram :

sulphur trioxide,  or sulphur(VI) oxide, SO_3(g) : GCSE fossil fuel burning-pollution : GCSE formation-use in Contact Process : ADVAN shape-bond angle, dot & cross diagram :

sulphuric acid H₂SO_4(l,aq) : GCSE dilute-reactions with metals/oxides/hydroxides/carbonates/ammonia and equation practice with answers : GCSE dilute-reaction with metals-reactivity series : GCSE uses-manufacture-Contact Process, concentrated-reactions with sugar/hydrated copper sulphate/alcohol/ester catalyst : ADVAN use in volumetric titrations :

surface area - particle size of solid reactant : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) rates of reaction factor : 

symbols : of the elements : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) use in equations : state symbols : 

symmetrical alkenes : ADVAN explained - organic reactions : 

syndiotactic poly(propene) : ADVAN stereoregular-atactic/isotactic/syndiotactic : 

synthesis : KS3-GCSE-AS as type of reaction : 

synthetic polymers : GCSE formation-uses-products from oil : GCSE using plastics-problems : GCSE extra organic man-made polymers : GCSE poly(ethene) : GCSE poly(propene) : GCSE poly(chloroethene) PVC  : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) bonding, structure and properties : 

T... index

tables of data : see individual topic or data : 

tantalum, Ta :

tautomerism : ADVAN detailed notes-examples : 

tectonics : GCSE Earth Science - plate tectonics : 

technetium, Tc :

teeth :  ADVAN % calcium by volumetric titration :

tellurium, Te : position and group in periodic table : GCSE-AS metalloid/semi-metal use note :

temperature : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) rates of reaction factor : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) energy changes : GCSE equilibrium rules : ADVAN Chemical equilibrium rules and Le Chatelier's Principle :

temporary hardness : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) water hardness : 

terbium, Tb :

termination step : ADVAN explained for organic free radical reactions : ADVAN free radical chlorination/cracking reaction mechanisms :

tertiary - classification of organic molecules (or protein structure) : ADVAN explained : ADVAN alcohols : ADVAN halogenoalkanes : ADVAN amides : ADVAN protein structure : ADVAN aromatic amines-structure-naming : ADVAN organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : 

Terylene : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) condensation type polymer : 

test for? : KS3-GCSE-ADVAN large range described for gases, metal/non-metal ions ('radicals), organic molecules etc. - long alphabetical index at top of page - anything missing for GCSE/AS or A2? let me know: 

tests/Quizzes on : KS3 Science : GCSE Chemistry, Earth Science : ADVAN Chemistry : 

tetrachloromethane, CCl₄ :  ADVAN molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

tetrahedral shaped molecules/ions : ADVAN molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams : 

Thalidomide : ADVAN structure-function-tragedy : 

thallium, Tl :

theoretical chemistry : ADVAN advanced notes : 

theory of... : GCSE rates of reaction : ADVAN kinetics : 

thermal decomposition : GCSE-AS as type of reaction :  GCSE-AS limestone/carbonates/nitrates/hydroxides : GCSE cracking oil fractions : 

thermal/heat conduction : GCSE-AS element properties : GCSE-AS metal structure : 

Thermit reaction : GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE reactivity series of metals-aluminium : 

thermoset/thermosetting plastics : GCSE extra organic chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) bonding note : 

thin layer chromatography : GCSE-KS3 paper/thin layer explained-examples : AS-GCSE paper/thin layer analysis-organic chemistry

thermosoftening plastics : GCSE extra organic chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) bonding note : 

thiosulphate, S₂O₃^2- : see also sodium thiosulphate : ADVAN as a ligand : 

thorium, Th :

thulium, Tm :

tilted rock formations : GCSE Earth Science : 

tin, Sn : position and group in periodic table : GCSE-reactivity-reactions involving oxygen/water/acids/displacement : GCSE uses of tin metal :  

titanium, Ti : GCSE-AS extraction TiO_2(s) ore=>TiCl_4(l)=>Ti properties-uses : GCSE-properties-uses-Transition Metals : : ADVAN redox theory of extraction : ADVAN detailed notes titanium 3d-block Transition Metals :

titration - volumetric calculations  : GCSE-AS basic molarity examples-Quiz : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) volumetric/titration calculations : AS acid-base titrations : ADVAN redox titration calculations : 

toxic : KS3-GCSE hazard warning sign/symbol-meaning : 

tracers - radioactive : GCSE-AS examples of use : 

trans/cis geometrical isomerism : ADVAN defined and lots of examples described : 

trans-uranium elements : ADVAN formation by fusion/particle accelerator : 

transient/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces : ADVAN in protein-enzyme structure :

Transition Metals, 3d block Sc to Zn : GCSE-properties-uses : GCSE extra metals notes-titanium : GCSE word-fill worksheet :  ADVAN 3d-block data : ADVAN shapes of complexes : ADVAN isomerism in complexes : 

'transition state' : ADVAN explained for organic mechanisms : see also 'activated complex'

transportation : GCSE Earth Science-weathered rocks : 

trends in ??? : best look up specific topic

triatomic molecule : GCSE-AS small covalent molecules e.g. H₂O : 

tribasic/triprotic acid : ADVAN examples - theory of acids and bases (also use the 5. sub-index  near top of page) :

triglycerides-fats-natural oils : GCSE extra organic chemistry : 

trigonal planar/bipyramid shaped molecules/ions : ADVAN molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams : 

triols (alcohols) : ADVAN structure and naming : 

triple bond - covalent bond : GCSE-AS covalent bond explained in nitrogen : ADVAN in alkynes see also ADVAN Functional Groups : ADVAN bond angles : 

tungsten, W : GCSE used in filament lamps :

types of chemical reaction : KS3-GCSE-ADVAN(basic) lots of descriptions of different types of reactions and chemical processes : GCSE m/c Quiz : 

U... index

U tube : GCSE-AS separating mixtures : GCSE-AS use in drying a gas : 

ultraviolet radiation : GCSE-AS role in ozone formation/destruction : ADVAN initiating chlorination of alkanes : 

ultraviolet spectroscopy - instrumental method of analysis : GCSE a few comments and examples : 

'unimolecular' : ADVAN explained - kinetics/organic mechanisms : ADVAN kinetics-rate expressions : 

universal indicator acids-alkalis-pH : KS3-GCSE colours : 

unsaturated molecules : GCSE alkenes-structure-reactions-uses : GCSE alkenes-extra organic chemistry : GCSE-AS fats/oils : ADVAN Functional Groups :

un/non-symmetrical alkenes : ADVAN explained in organic reactions : 

un/non competitive inhibition : ADVAN enzyme function :

uranium, U : ADVAN nuclear fission process - nuclear energy - nuclear power :

uses of? : KS3-GCSE acids/alkalis-explained examples : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) Oil Products : GCSE The Halogens Cl/Br/I : GCSE Transition Metals e.g. Fe/Cu/Zn (also note on Al) : GCSE uses of titanium : GCSE Alkali Metals : GCSE-AS detailed notes on uses of radioisotopes : ADVAN Uses of Group 1-2 metals and compounds : 

V... index

valency/valencies (combining power of elements) : GCSE-AS covalent/ionic explained-examples : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) covalent and ionic bonding : 

Van der Waals equation: ADVAN Ideal & non-ideal real gas behaviour & Van der Waals equation :

Van der Waals forces (instantaneous/transient dipole-induced dipole forces) : ADVAN effect on vapour pressure and boiling point of organic compounds :  ADVAN in protein-enzyme structure :

vanadium, V, compounds : GCSE-notes-transition metals : GCSE-ADVAN data : GCSE V₂O₅ catalyst in Contact Process : ADVAN detailed notes vanadium 3d-block Transition Metals :

vapour/vapor pressure : ADVAN explained, curves/graphs and examples explained in terms of intermolecular forces :

variables : GCSE rates of reaction coursework : ADVAN kinetics : 

vegetable oil : GCSE-AS unsaturated fats : 

Venus : GCSE atmosphere note : 

vertical column of elements of Periodic Table : see Group : 

vinegar : GCSE extra organic chemistry : 

viscosity of ... : GCSE Oil Products-explained-trends : 

vitamin C, ascorbic acid : GCSE extra organic chemistry : 

volatile/volatility : GCSE Oil Products-explained-trends : 

volcanoes/volcanic eruptions : GCSE plate tectonics : 

volumetric calculations - gases or solutions (see also titration above) : GCSE-AS examples of calculations/quizzes - gas - molar volume or ratio of reacting volumes of gases or molarity of solutions or  acid-alkali titrations :  

W.. index

washing powder : 

washing soda - see sodium carbonate

waste disposal/problems : GCSE plastics-problems : GCSE-AS radioactive waste : 

water, H₂O_(l) : tests for : GCSE water cycle-treatment-purification-pollution-colloids-hard/soft water : GCSE-KS3 solubility of substances-solubility curves : GCSE reaction with metals-reactivity series : GCSE reaction with Alkali Metals : ADVAN reaction with s-block Gp1/Gp2 metals : GCSE electrolysis : GCSE-AS molecule-bonding : GCSE pollution problem with fertiliser overuse : ADVAN molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

water of crystallisation : GCSE-AS explained-determination-calculation of % or formula : 

wax : GCSE oil fuel products : 

weak acids/bases/alkalis : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) examples-explained : ADVAN detailed advanced theory notes and calculations (use sub-index 5. near top of page) :

weathering : GCSE Earth Science-physical/chemical : 

websites - external links from this site : a selection of other chemistry websites : 20 other selected Periodic Table websites : six element info-links to other websites : 

Wegener's theory : GCSE Earth Science-continental drift : 

wine : 

WJEC Welsh exam board : GCSE Science-Chemistry support-help links : 

wood : 

word equations - see equations 

X... index

X-rays : 

Xenon, Xe, in Group 0/8 The Noble Gases : GCSE-properties-uses : ADVAN data :

Y... index

yeast : GCSE fermentation sugar=>alcohol : 

yield : GCSE % yield calculations from reaction-process-preparation (atom economy) : GCSE meaning for a chemical reaction : GCSE manufacture of ammonia : ADVAN % calculation from aspirin preparation : 

ytterbium, Yb :

yttrium, Y :

Z... index

zinc, Zn, compounds : GCSE-reactivity-reactions involving oxygen/water/acids/displacement : GCSE use in rust prevention : GCSE-properties-uses-Transition Metals : GCSE-AS-extraction : GCSE electrolysis zinc chloride : ADVAN data :  ADVAN detailed notes zinc 3d-block :

zinc blende/sphalerite ore : GCSE zinc metal extraction :

zinc-carbon battery : ADVAN the principles of cells-batteries explained

zinc carbonate, ZnCO₃ : GCSE effect of heating : GCSE mineral ore-extraction zinc metal : GCSE reaction with acids :

zinc oxide, ZnO : GCSE formation from heating carbonate : GCSE zinc metal extraction : GCSE reaction with acids :

zinc sulfide/sulphide : GCSE zinc metal extraction :

zirconium, Zr :

index

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