Doc Brown's Chemistry - Alphabetical Index O-R

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EMAIL query?comment * 1st time user notes * O to R alphabetical index page

O...

observations/obtaining evidence : GCSE rates of reaction coursework : 

oceanic plate : GCSE Earth Science : 

OCR/CIE/Salters exam board : GCSE/IGCSE Science-Chemistry support-help links : Salters Advanced Chemistry AS homepage : A2 homepage : Revision index : 

octahedral shaped molecules/ions : ADVANCED molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams : 

oil origin - formation of a finite resource : GCSE Oil Notes : 

oil fractions-products : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) fractions-uses : 

oils-natural fats-triglycerides : GCSE extra organic chemistry : 

oil products : petroleum oil products as examples of the science of formulation chemistry :

ol/ols : see alcohols

'oleum', fuming : 

operating/locating a chemical factory/works: GCSE-ADVAN(basic) Location considerations, running costs, environmental factors : 

optical isomerism - chirality : ADVANCED detailed notes-examples of R/S stereoisomerism : ADVANCED optical isomer Q : ADVANCED nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes : 

optimum ... : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) pH/temperature range for enzymes :

order of reaction : ADVANCED kinetics-rates of reaction : ADVANCED simple rate calculations : 

orbitals (s, p, d, f) : ADVANCED notes on s, p, d and f orbitals and electron configuration :

ore : GCSE metal extraction : 

organic/inorganic compounds compared : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) definition & examples :

organic chemistry : GCSE Oil Products : GCSE extra organic Quiz : ADVANCED notes : ADVANCED thermodynamics Part 1 thermochemistry - enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion : 

orientation of substitution in benzene ring : ADVANCED aromatic compound formation mechanisms : 

organic nomenclature : see individual functional group/homologous series  : ADVANCED combined m/c Quiz : ADVANCED combined type in name Quiz : 

osmium, Os :

oxidation : GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) explanation-examples, including metal reactivity series : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) in metal extraction chemistry : GCSE-AS electrode equations : ADVANCED detailed theory notes-examples on inorganic/organic redox reactions, oxidation state/number analysis, constructing equations from half-cell reactions (sub-indexes provided) :

oxidation of ... :  ADVANCED detailed NOTES on alcohols ==> ketones, aldehydes ==> carboxylic acids (detailed equations and methods) :  ADVANCED alcohols ==> ketones, aldehydes ==> carboxylic acids (structure comparison on nomenclature page) :

oxidation state/number of ... (see also oxidation above) : ADVANCED Groups1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metal data : ADVANCED Group 0/8 Noble Gas data : ADVANCED Group 7 Halogen data : ADVANCED Transition Metal data (Sc-Zn, 3d block) : ADVANCED Transition Metal Chemistry : of carbon in selected organic compounds :  ADVANCED fluorine, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen, maximum of elements and Periodic Table trends : carbon in organic compounds : ADVANCED reference to electron configuration :

oxide layer : GCSE lack of reaction by aluminium : 

oxides : GCSE bonding/properties of compounds - ionic or GCSE bonding notes - covalent : ADVANCED acid-base reaction with acids with insoluble base :

oxidising : KS3-GCSE hazard warning sign/symbol : 

oxonium ion, H₃O⁺ : ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

oxygen, O, dioxygen, O_2(g) (see also oxidation ...) : GCSE reactions with metals - reactivity series : test for oxygen gas : O₂ gas preparation and collection : GCSE % in air/formation in early Earth's atmosphere : GCSE-AS covalent molecule-bonding : GCSE separation from air-uses : GCSE uses including making nitric acid : GCSE use in making sulphuric acid : GCSE use in steel making : Qualitative test for oxygen :

oxygen(II) fluoride (fluorine oxide), F₂O or OF₂ :  ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

ozone, trioxygen, O_3(g), and ozone layer :  GCSE-ADVAN(basic) CFC's - ozone destruction : 

P...  index

p block of Periodic Table : ADVANCED Group 3/13 : ADVANCED Group 4/14 : ADVANCED Group 5/15 : ADVANCED Group 6/16 : ADVANCED Group 7/17 The Halogens : ADVANCED Group 0/18 The Noble Gases :

paints : paints as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :

palladium, Pd : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst :

paper chromatography :  : AS-GCSE-KS3 paper/thin layer explained-examples : AS-GCSE paper/thin layer analysis-organic chemistry : 

paracetamol : GCSE extra organic chemistry : 

paraffin : GCSE oil fuel products : 

particle pictures : KS3-GCSE-AS gas/liquid/solid explained : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) rates of reaction-collision theory : 

particle size : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) rates of reaction factor - effect of solid reactant particle size : 

partition equilibrium : ADVANCED between two immiscible liquids, partition coefficient , calculations and uses :

Pauli exclusion principle : ADVANCED electron configurations :

Pauling electronegativity scale : see electronegativity

pentane (and pentanes) : ADVANCED homologous series : ADVANCED examples : 

pentanoic acid, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂COOH_(l) : ADVANCED homologous series/functional groups : ADVANCED structure-names of carboxylic acid and derivatives : 

pentene : ADVANCED homologous series : ADVANCED examples : 

percentage (%) calculations - different contexts : GCSE-AS composition by mass-definition-examples of % elements in a compound-Quiz : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) % purity and % yield : ADVANCED % error calculation example scribble :

perfumes : perfumes as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :

Period - horizontal row of elements in Periodic Table structure (see Periodic Table below too) : GCSE explanation-examples : ADVANCED Period 2 survey Li to Ne : ADVANCED Period 3 survey Na to Ar : ADVANCED Survey of Period 4 elements :

Periodic Table : Full diagram : GCSE overview  - electronic basis/periods/groups/metals/non-metals/series/trends of elements/history : GCSE introductory task sheet (with links to more detailed topic notes): GCSE word-fill worksheet : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) electronic structure : GCSE history task sheet : GCSE structured Q's : GCSE m/c Quiz : ADVANCED Data on Gps 1, 2, 7, 0/8 and 3d-block Transition Metals : ADVANCED Data-Graphs for Periods 1-4 : 

Periodicity of elements properties : Z = 1 to 20 periodicity plots * Z = 1 to 38 periodicity plots * Z = 1 to 96 plots * DATA

permanent dipole-induced dipole intermolecular forces : ADVANCED effect on vapour pressure and boiling point of organic compounds : 

permanent dipole-permanent dipole intermolecular forces : ADVANCED effect on vapour pressure and boiling point of organic compounds :  ADVANCED in protein-enzyme structure :

permanent hardness : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) water hardness : 

peroxodisulphate, sodium, Na₂S₂O₈ : ADVANCED oxidation of iodide-kinetics : 

pesticides : pesticides as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :

petrol : GCSE oil fuel products : GCSE-AS fuel survey :  petrol as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :

petroleum oil products : petroleum oil products as examples of the science of formulation chemistry :

pharmaceutical products : pharmaceutical products as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :

pharmacophore : ADVANCED explained : 

phase equilibria :  ADVANCED effects of intermolecular forces on vapour pressure/boiling point of organic compounds explained : ADVANCED solute partition between two immiscible liquids :

phenolphthalein indicator : GCSE-ADVANCED pH-colours : ADVANCED use in volumetric titrations :

phenol, C₆H₅OH : ADVANCED shape-bond angles : 

phenols : ADVANCED structure compared to alcohol : ADVANCED structure and naming : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED shape-bond angle phenols :

phosphine, PH_3(g) : GCSE-AS molecule-bonding : ADVANCED shape-bond angle : 

phosphoric(V) acid, H₃PO₄ : 

phosphorus, P :

phosphorus(III) chloride (phosphorus trichloride), PCl₃ : ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

phosphorus(III) fluoride (phosphorus trifluoride), PF₃ : ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

photography - film/paper : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) detecting radioactivity :  GCSE-ADVAN(basic) use of silver salts : 

photosynthesis : GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE evolution of Earth's atmosphere : 

pH scale/pH of...(acids-bases-alkalis-salts) : KS3 easy quiz : KS3-GCSE definition-scale : KS3-GCSE examples of pH of common substances : GCSE pH curves : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) acid-base theory : ADVANCED detailed advanced theory notes and calculations (use sub-index 5. near top of page) : ADVANCED theory of acid-base indicators and pK_ind calculations and pH curves :

physical changes : GCSE-KS3 explained-examples : g-l-s state changes : 

physical chemistry : ADVANCED notes : 

physical properties of ... : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) ionic/covalent compounds : 

physics - KS3 : KS3 science quiz index : KS3 biology Q's : KS3 chemistry Q's : KS3 physics Q's : 

pigments : 

pK_a/pK_b : ADVANCED detailed advanced theory notes and calculations (use sub-index 5. near top of page) :

pK_ind and indicator use : ADVANCED theory and examples explained (also use top sub-index) :

planar shaped molecules/ions : ADVANCED molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams : 

planets : GCSE a short 'rocks' note : 

planning : GCSE rates of reaction coursework : 

plastics - macromolecules/polymers  : GCSE formation-uses- products from oil : GCSE using plastics-problems : GCSE extra organic man-made polymers : GCSE poly(ethene) : GCSE poly(propene) : GCSE poly(chloroethene) PVC : GCSE extra organic notes - natural polymers : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) bonding, structure and properties : 

plate tectonics - continental drift : GCSE Earth Science notes : 

platinum, Pt : GCSE-notes-transition metals  : GCSE lack of reactivity-metal series : Use in catalytic converter-car exhaust gases GCSE or ADVANCED : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) catalyst in making nitric acid : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst : ADVANCED cis-platin anti-cancer drug :

plutonium, Pu : ADVANCED nuclear fission process - nuclear energy - nuclear power :

poisonous/poisons (see also pollution) : hazard warning symbols : 

polar bonds : ADVANCED significance explained for organic reaction mechanisms :  ADVANCED hydrogen bonds in protein-enzyme structure :

pollution : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) fertilisers : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) of air  - fossil fuel burning etc. : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) using/burning plastics : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) CFC's - ozone destruction : 

polonium, Po :

polyalkenes : GCSE Oil products : GCSE extra organic chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) note on thermoplastic structure : ADVANCED formation-structure and naming :

polyamides  : GCSE extra organic chemistry - condensation type polymers : ADVANCED aromatic-structure-naming : ADVANCED organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : ADVANCED organic N containing compounds : 

poly(chloroethene), 'polyvinyl chloride, 'PVC')' : GCSE Oil Products : GCSE uses of chlorine : GCSE extra organic chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) addition type polymers : 

polyester : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) condensation type polymer : 

poly(ethene) ,'polythene' : GCSE Oil Products :GCSE extra organic chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) addition type polymers : 

polymerisation : GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE Oil Products :GCSE extra organic chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) addition type polymers : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) condensation type polymers : 

polymers - macromolecules/plastics : GCSE formation-uses-products from oil : GCSE using plastics-problems : GCSE extra organic man-made polymers : GCSE poly(ethene) : GCSE poly(propene) : GCSE poly(chloroethene) PVC : GCSE extra organic notes - natural polymers : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) bonding, structure and properties : 

polypeptides : GCSE extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : ADVANCED protein-enzyme-structure-function-inhibition :

poly(propene), polypropene, 'polypropylene' : : GCSE Oil Products :GCSE extra organic chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) addition type polymers : ADVANCED stereoregular-atactic/isotactic/syndiotactic : 

polysaccharide : GCSE structure-extra organic chemistry : 

polyvinylchloride : see poly(chloroethene)

positional isomerism : ADVANCED detailed notes-examples : 

positive ... : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) anode electrode-electrolysis : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) atomic structure-proton : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) ions-ionic bonding : 

potassium and compounds, K, in  Group 1 The Alkali Metals: GCSE-data-properties-chemical reactions-uses : GCSE-reactivity-reactions involving oxygen/water/acids/displacement : GCSE-AS dating rocks K-40/Ar ratio : ADVANCED data : s-block/Gp2 detailed notes on elements/compounds : Qualitative flame test for potassium :

potassium chromate(VI), K₂CrO₄ : ADVAN-indicator used in estimation of chloride with silver nitrate :

potassium dichromate(VI), K₂Cr₂O₇ : ADVANCED redox titration calculations : ADVANCED volumetric titration calculations for iron(II) ions : ADVANCED examples of oxidising action 6.5/6.12 : ADVANCED use in organic oxidative preparations :

potassium manganate(VII), KMnO_4(s/aq) : ADVANCED examples of oxidising action examples 6.7/6.8/6.11/6.13 : ADVANCED volumetric titration calculations for ethanedioate (oxalate)/ethanedioc acid (oxalic acid)/hydrogen peroxide/sodium nitrite : ADVANCED use in organic oxidative preparations :

potassium oxide K₂O_(s) : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) bonding-structure-properties : 

potential : 

pottery glazing : GCSE coloured with transition metal compounds : 

praseodymium, Pr :

precipitation reactions : GCSE-KS3 explained-examples : GCSE-AS method of making insoluble salts : 

preparation of gases :  GCSE-AS methods of preparation and collection : see also tests for gases : 

preparation of salts : GCSE-AS example of preparation by neutralisation -general chemistry : GCSE-AS preparation by direct synthesis or precipitation : 

pressure : GCSE-ADVANCED gas calculations : ADVANCED Chemical equilibrium rules and Le Chatelier's Principle :

prevention of... : GCSE iron rusting : 

primary - classification of organic molecules (or protein structure) : ADVANCED explained : ADVANCED alcohols : ADVANCED halogenoalkanes : ADVANCED amides : ADVANCED protein structure : ADVANCED aromatic amines-structure-naming : ADVANCED organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : 

primary, secondary and fuel cells/batteries : GCSE basic ideas sections 4. and 5. : ADVANCED notes - examples explained (also use top 7. sub-index) :

products : KS3-GCSE of a chemical reaction - examples explained : 

promethium, Pm :

propagation step : ADVANCED explained in organic free radical mechanisms : ADVANCED free radical chlorination/cracking reaction mechanisms :

propanal : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling point of organic compounds : 

propane, C₃H_8(g) : GCSE-AS molecule-bonding : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) oil-fractions-uses : GCSE alkanes-structure-uses : GCSE alkanes-extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED alkane structures : ADVANCED shape-bond angles : 

propanes, substituted propanes : ADVANCED alkane structures and halogenoalkanes :

propanoic acid, CH₃CH₂COOH_(l/aq) : ADVANCED homologous series/functional groups : ADVANCED structure-names of carboxylic acid and derivatives : 

propanol : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling point of organic compounds : 

propanone : ADVANCED structure : ADVANCED iodination-kinetics-mechanism : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling point of organic compounds :  

propene, C₃H_6(g) : GCSE-AS molecule-bonding : ADVANCED shape-bond angles : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) made from oil fractions by cracking : GCSE alkenes-structure-reactions-uses : GCSE alkenes-extra organic chemistry : 

properties of... : KS3-GCSE-ADVAN(basic) gases, liquids and solids : GCSE-AS gas preparations and collections : GCSE gas-liquid-solid m/c Quiz : KS3-GCSE-ADVANCED identity tests for ??? : GCSE Group 1 Alkali metals : GCSE Group 7 Halogens : GCSE Noble gases : GCSE Transition metals : GCSE Acids and Alkalis : GCSE metals-reactivity series : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) simple covalent molecules : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) ionic compounds : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) giant covalent networks/structures : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) polymers 1-3D ideas :  GCSE-ADVAN(basic) metals-alloys : ADVANCED s-block Groups 1-2 detailed notes 

propylamine : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling point of organic compounds : 

propylene : see propene 

propyne, C₃H₄ : ADVANCED shape-bond angles :

protactinium, Pa :

protease - enzyme use : GCSE use of enzymes : 

proteins : GCSE extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED including enzyme-structure-function-inhibition : 

proton : GCSE-AS properties - atomic structure : 

proton/atomic number : GCSE-AS definition, atomic structure : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) structure of Periodic Table : 

protonation : ADVANCED in organic mechanisms : 

pure : GCSE-KS3 explained-examples : 

purity, % : ADVANCED from volumetric titrations and another example of % assay of aspirin : 

purification : KS3-GCSE explained-examples : GCSE-AS of copper by electrolysis : 

PVC : see polyvinylchloride/poly(chloroethene)

pyramidal shaped molecules/ions : ADVANCED molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams : 

Q... index

qualitative analysis chemical tests : Qualitative Analysis for: acid ==> H⁺ * acid/acyl chloride RCOCl * alcohols - general ROH/prim RCH₂OH/sec R₂CHOH/tert R₃COH) * aldehyde RCHO * prim aliphatic amine R-NH₂ * aliphatic/aromatic carboxylic acids * alkali ==> OH^- * alkane/alkene >C=C</alkyne -CC- (saturated versus unsaturated) * aluminium/aluminum ion Al³⁺ * amide RCONH₂ * prim aliphatic amines R-NH₂ * ammonia gas NH₃ * ammonium ion NH₄⁺ * prim aromatic amine C₆H₅-NH₂ etc. * barium ion Ba²⁺ * Benedict's solution * Brady's reagent * bromide ion Br^- * bromine Br₂ * caesium ion Cs⁺ * calcium ion Ca²⁺ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * carbonate CO₃^2-/hydrogencarbonate HCO₃^- with acid or effect of heating metal carbonate e.g. MCO₃ * carbon dioxide gas CO₂ * carboxylic acid RCOOH * carboxylic acid (aliphatic) salts e.g. RCOO^-Na⁺ * chloride ion Cl^- * chlorine gas Cl₂ * Chomate(VI) ion CrO₄^2- * copper(II) ion Cu²⁺ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * 24DNPH (for aldehydes/ketones test) * esters RCOOR * Fehlings test/solution * flame test for metal ions * haloalkanes/halogenoalkanes R-X * hydrogen gas H₂ * hydrogen sulphide H₂S * hydrogen ion, acids H⁺ * hydrogen bromide gas/hydrobromic acid HBr * hydrogen chloride gas/hydrochloric acid HCl * hydrogen iodide gas/hydriodic acid HI * hydroxide ion, alkali OH^- * hydroxy/alcohol/phenol (organic) * iodide ion I^- * iodine I₂ * iodoform test - formation of CHI₃ * iron(II) ion Fe²⁺ * iron(III) ion Fe³⁺ * ketone R₂C=O * lead(II) ion Pb²⁺ * lithium ion Li⁺ * lime water Ca(OH)_2(aq) * magnesium ion Mg²⁺ * metal carbonates-heating e.g. MCO₃ * metal ions via hydroxide precipitate * nitrate or nitrate(V) NO₃^- * nitrite or nitrate(III) NO₂^- * nitrogen dioxide or nitrogen(IV) oxide NO₂ * oxygen gas O₂ * phenols C₆H₅OH etc. * potassium ion K⁺ * rubidium ion Rb⁺ * reducing sugars * saturated/unsaturated * silver nitrate AgNO₃ (see chloride, bromide, iodide tests) * sugars (reducing) * sodium ion Na⁺ * strontium Sr⁺ * 'sulphate/sulfate' or sulphate(VI) SO₄^2- * sulphide S^2- * 'sulphite/sulfite' or sulphate(IV) SO₃^2- * sulphur dioxide gas SO₂ * Tollen's Reagent * unsaturated/saturated * water H₂O * zinc ion Zn²⁺ * : GCSE rates of reaction coursework data : 

quantitative analysis : Quantitative volumetric analysis: acid-base, silver nitrate-chloride and EDTA titrations : Quantitative volumetric analysis: Redox volumetric titrations : NMR/IR/% composition problems : GCSE rates of reaction coursework data :  GCSE-ADVANCED index of links to questions :

quaternary - classification of organic molecules (or protein structure) : ADVANCED explained : ADVANCED salts in organic reactions : ADVANCED protein structure : 

quartzite - metamorphic rock : GCSE formation : 

quicklime, calcium oxide, lime, CaO_(s) : GCSE Quicklime manufacture-uses :

Quizzes/Tests on : KS3 Science : GCSE Chemistry, Earth Science : ADVANCED Chemistry : 

R... index

radiation-radioactivity/alpha/beta/gamma/background etc. : GCSE-AS detailed notes : 

radicals, free : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) explained via ozone destruction : ADVANCED explained with links to free radical mechanisms : 

radicals, inorganic : Tests for : 

radioactive isotopes/materials : KS3-GCSE hazard warning sign/symbol : GCSE-AS detailed notes : 

radioactive tracers : GCSE-AS examples of use : 

radioactivity : GCSE-AS detailed notes on origin/properties/uses etc. : a series of GCSE word-fills : GCSE crossword : 

radiocarbon dating (¹⁴C, carbon-14 isotope) dating : GCSE-GCE Dating by radioactive isotope decay :

radioisotopes : GCSE-AS detailed notes on properties/manufacture and uses : 

radium, Ra : : ADVANCED detailed notes s-block Gp 1/2 elements/compounds : ADVANCED data-graphs Gps 1/2 : : GCSE-ADVANCED data :

radon, Rn, in Group 0/8 The Noble Gases : GCSE-properties-dangers : ADVANCED data :

rate constant/rate expression : ADVANCED kinetics-rates of reaction : 

rates of reaction - kinetics : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) particle collision theory notes on experiment methods/factors - concentration/pressure/temperature/surface area/catalyst/stirring/light : GCSE m/c quiz : ADVANCED theory - temperature/catalyst mechanisms/rate expressions/orders of reaction : ADVANCED simple rate calculations : 

reactants : KS3-GCSE of a chemical reaction - examples explained : 

reacting mass-moles/conservation of mass calculations: GCSE-AS basic examples-Quiz (NOT moles) : GCSE-AS more difficult examples NOT moles) : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) introducing mole calculations : 

reacting volumes : GCSE-AS examples of calculations/quizzes - gas - molar volume or ratio of reacting volumes of gases or molarity of solutions or  acid-alkali titrations :  

reactions of alkalis-bases : KS3-GCSE examples - general chemistry : 

reaction profile : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) rates of reaction notes : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) energy changes : ADVANCED organic mechanisms : ADVANCED catalytic mechanisms : 

reactions/properties of ... : KS3-GCSE acids-examples-general chemistry  : GCSE Group 1 Alkali metals : GCSE Group 7 Halogens : GCSE Transition metals : GCSE Acids and Alkalis : GCSE metals-reactivity series with O₂/H₂O/acids/displacements : ADVANCED s-block Groups 1-2 detailed notes : 

reaction types : KS3-GCSE-ADVAN(basic) lots of descriptions of different types of reactions and chemical processes :

reactivity series of metals : GCSE detailed notes on reactions with oxygen (air)/water/acids/salt solutions-displacement : GCSE connection with simple cell or battery-basic design and explanation : GCSE Gp1 Alkali Metals trend/explanation : GCSE structured Q worksheet : : GCSE word-fill worksheet on reactivity : GCSE word-fill worksheets on rusting : GCSE Gp1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals trend/explanation : 

real gas behaviour (non-ideal): ADVANCED Ideal & non-ideal real gas behaviour, Van der Waals equation :

recycling : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) of iron/steel : 

redox (reduction and oxidation) : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) as type of reaction : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) metal reactivity and other chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) in metal extraction chemistry : GCSE-AS electrode equations : ADVANCED The principles of Redox Reactions - detailed notes-examples : ADVANCED titration calculations : ADVANCED the principles of redox equilibria, half-cell potentials etc. explained :

reduction : GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) explanation-examples including metal reactivity and other chemistry : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) in metal extraction chemistry : GCSE-AS electrode equations : ADVANCED detailed theory notes-examples on inorganic/organic redox reactions, oxidation state/number analysis, constructing equations from half-cell reactions (sub-indexes provided) :

reduction of ... : ADVANCED redox theory for alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitriles and nitro-aromatics-with method details :

refinery  gas : GCSE oil fuel products : 

reflux : ADVANCED in organic preparations :

reforming : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst-uses : 

relative atomic mass, A_r based on ¹²C scale : GCSE-AS definition-examples-calculations-Quiz : ADVANCED  determination of relative atomic mass from mass spectrum of element :

relative formula mass, based on ¹²C scale : GCSE-AS definition-examples-calculations-Quiz : 

relative isotopic mass, based on ¹²C scale : ADVANCED definition-used in example of relative atomic mass calculation : 

relative molecular mass, M_r, based on ¹²C scale : GCSE-AS definition-examples-calculations-Quiz : 

renewable : 

residues-amino acid : ADVANCED protein structure : 

respiration : GCSE-AS type of reaction : 

reversible/irreversible reactions : KS3-GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE-AS examples explained : 

Revision notes for : KS3 Chemistry : GCSE Chemistry, Earth Science : ADVANCED Chemistry : and all have links to quizzes/worksheets etc. if available.

rhenium, Re :

rhodium, Rh : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst :

rock cycle : KS3 m/c Quiz : GCSE notes-diagrams : GCSE m/c Quiz Foundation or Higher : 

rock dating using radioisotopes : GCSE-AS detailed Radioactivity notes : 

rock types : KS3 m/c Quiz : GCSE types-notes-diagrams : GCSE m/c Quiz Foundation or Higher : 

roentgen : unit of radioactivity : 

R/S isomerism : ADVANCED R-S stereoisomerism (optical isomerism/enantiomerism)

rubidium and compounds, Rb, in  Group 1 The Alkali Metals: GCSE-data-properties-chemical reactions : GCSE-reactivity-reactions involving oxygen/water/acids/displacement : ADVANCED data : ADVANCED detailed notes on elements/compounds : info-links to other websites

rules on? : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) electron arrangement : GCSE-ADVAN(basic) equilibrium position : 

rusting (corrosion) : GCSE chemistry of iron rusting and its prevention : 

ruthenium, Ru :

Rutherford-Marsden, early 20th C scientists : GCSE-AS model of atom - alpha particle scattering by nucleus expt. : 

Rutherfordium, Rf :

O to R alphabetical index page

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