Doc Brown's Chemistry - Alphabetical Index A to B

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

1st time users PLEASE READ the 9 important points below ...

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2. Remember, I can't list everything on my 900+ pages on several sites, so don't rely on just one word/phrase search, try several if no success at first, I can't index every minute detail! AND click on more than one link if several are listed AND there are other useful indexes of site content.

3. Useful mini site-maps for : KS3 Science : GCSE Chemistry : Advanced Chemistry

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6. Don't put a the before what you are searching for i.e. look for Halogens NOT The Halogens or use alternatives like Group 7 or some connected word e.g. chlorine, brine or electrolysis.

7. Where there is a need to distinguish academic LEVEL the following abbreviations are used as a 'rough guide'

   • KS3 = UK Y7-9 ~USA grades 6-8 SCIENCE

   • GCSE = UK KS4 Y10-11 = IGCSE = BTEC National 1st Diploma level 2 ~USA grades 9-10 Science-CHEMISTRY

   • ADVANCED (basic) means useful starter ideas from GCSE for 1st year of advanced level GCE AS ~USA grades 11 CHEMISTRY

   • ADVANCED = Advanced CHEMISTRY = UK KS5 GCE AS A2 VCE Y12-Y13 BTEC National Diploma level 3 = ~USA grades 11-12 (grade K12) CHEMISTRY.

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A to B alphabetical index page

A... index

'abbreviated' structural formula : ADVANCED explained using alkane examples : ADVANCED explained-examples-links homologous series : 

absorbed/absorption/desorption :  : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst : 

absorption of alpha/beta/gamma radiation : GCSE-AS detailed Radioactivity notes : 

abstraction : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : 

abundance of ... : ADVANCED isotopes by mass spectroscopy

acetate rayon : 

acetic acid (ethanoic acid, vinegar) : GCSE extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED structure-names of carboxylic acids : 

acid/acyl amides see amides

acid/acyl anhydrides (organic molecules) : ADVANCED structure and naming : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : 

acid/acyl chlorides (organic molecules) : ADVANCED structure and naming : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism with water/alcohols/ammonia/amines : ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : 

acid-base-alkali ionization theory : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) : ADVANCED detailed advanced notes on Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry theories of acids-bases, strong/weak acids/bases pH scale calculations :

acid-base-alkali titration calculations : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) molarity examples-Quiz : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) volumetric/titration calculations : ADVANCED acid-base titration Q's : 

acid-base indicators : ADVANCED theory, pK_ind and examples explained (also use top sub-index) :

acidity of... : KS3-GCSE soil/atmosphere effects/treatment : KS3-GCSE formation of acid rain : ADVANCED  acidity of hexa-aqua ions :

acids-bases-alkalis-salts-pH-neutralisation : KS3 word-fill worksheets 7Ewf and 7Fwf : KS3 easy quiz : KS3-CGSE examples-general chemistry :  GCSE reactions with metals-reactivity series : GCSE foundation m/c Quiz : GCSE higher m/c Quiz : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) acid-base theory : GCSE word-fill worksheet :ADVANCED theory of acids and bases, examples and pH/K_a calculations (use 5. sub-index  near top of page :

activated complex, 'transition state' : ADVANCED explained in organic reaction mechanisms : ADVANCED reaction profiles-kinetics : 

activation energy : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) rates of reaction notes : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) energy changes notes : ADVANCED theory : ADVANCED calculation from data/Arrhenius equation : 

active sites : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst : ADVANCED enzyme structure-function : 

activity series of metals : KS3-GCSE detailed notes : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) metal extraction method : 

acyl/acid anhydride see acid anhydrides above

acyl/acid chloride - see acid chlorides above

acylation : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : ADVANCED aromatic compound formation mechanisms : 

acylonium ion : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : 

addition polymerisation : GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) Oil Products : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) bonding note : ADVANCED (basic) note on the reaction : 

addition reaction : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) simple example explained : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : 

adhesives : adhesives as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :

adsorption/adsorbed/adsorbing : ADVANCED heterogeneous catalyst theory-uses : 

advantages of .. :

air : KS3-GCSE atmosphere composition : GCSE raw material for blast furnace : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) raw material for ammonia and nitric acid production : GCSE-AS liquefaction-fractional distillation, separation of useful products : 

alanine-amino acid : ADVANCED laboratory synthesis : 

'alcohol' see ethanol and below 

alcohols (alkanols) : GCSE extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED classification/structure/naming/including diols/triols/cyclo-/chloro- : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED conversion to halogenoalkane/water-elimination mechanisms : ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling points of primary alcohols compared to other organic molecules : ADVANCED thermodynamics Part 1 thermochemistry - enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion : ADVANCED test for alcohols : ADVANCED solubility of alcohols (Equilibria section 8.7) :

aldehydes/ketones : ADVANCED structure & naming/ROH==>RC=O==>RCOOH ox. sequence : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED nucleophilic addition of CN and H mechanism : ADVANCED aromatic-structure-naming : ADVANCED m/c Quiz on naming : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : ADVANCED redox theory of tests for aldehydes : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling points of aldehydes compared to other organic molecules :

alicyclic organic compounds : ADVANCED definition - examples (comparison with aliphatic/aromatic compounds) :

aliphatic organic compounds : ADVANCED definition and examples (comparison with alicyclic/aromatic compounds) :

Alkali Metals, of Group 1 Li Na K etc.: GCSE-data-properties-trends-chemical reactions-uses : GCSE position in Periodic Table : GCSE-as members of the reactivity series of metals : GCSE foundation Alkali Metals m/c Quiz : GCSE higher Alkali Metals m/c Quiz : GCSE word-fill worksheet : ADVAN-Alkali Metals data : ADVANCED s-block detailed notes : AS basic m/c Group 1-2 Quiz  : Flame Test for alkali metals

Alkaline Earth Metals, of Group 2 (Be) Mg to Ra etc. : GCSE Mg/Ca position in metal reactivity series : GCSE-position in the Periodic Table : ADVAN-Alkaline Earth Metals data : ADVANCED s-block detailed notes :AS basic m/c Group 1-2 Quiz : Flame Test for alkaline earth metals :

alkalis-acids-bases-salts-pH : KS3 easy quiz : KS3 word-fill worksheets 7Ewf and 7Fwf : KS3-GCSE examples-general chemistry : GCSE foundation m/c Quiz : GCSE higher m/c Quiz : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) acid-base theory : 

alkanes (organic hydrocarbon molecules) : GCSE Oil Products : GCSE extra organic chemistry  : ADVANCED structure and naming : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED free radical chlorination/cracking reaction mechanisms : ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling points of alkanes compared to other organic molecules : ADVANCED thermodynamics Part 1 thermochemistry - enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion :

alkanoic acids: See carboxylic acids

alkenes (organic hydrocarbon molecules) : GCSE Oil Products : GCSE extra organic chemistry : test for : ADVANCED structure and naming (including cyclo- and chloro-) : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED electrophilic addition of HBr/Br₂/H₂SO₄/H₂O and free radical polymerisation reaction mechanisms : ADVANCED Geometrical isomerism : ADVANCED m/c Quiz on naming : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : Test for alkenes :

alkoxy group : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : ADVANCED structure/naming ethers : 

alkyl group : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : ADVANCED structure/naming alkanes : 

alkyl halides: See Halogenoalkanes

alkylation : ADVANCED aromatic compound formation mechanisms : 

alkynes : ADVANCED structure and naming : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : 

allotropes : GCSE-AS definition-examples carbon, oxygen, sulphur : GCSE-AS allotropes of carbon : 

alloys : GCSE alloys-uses of metals Fe/Ti/Al etc. : GCSE uses of Transition Metal (and Al note) : GCSE steel making : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) metal structure, bonding and properties : 

alpha-helix : ADVANCED in protein structure :

alpha particle radiation : GCSE-AS mass/charge/properties/uses/dangers etc. in detailed Radioactivity notes : GCSE-AS historic alpha particle scattering by nucleus experiment : 

aluminium/aluminum, Al : GCSE metal reactivity series-reactions- oxygen/water/acids/displacement : GCSE-electrolysis extraction  : GCSE uses-anodising : GCSE more on uses/comparison with Transition Metals : KS3-GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) Thermit reaction : : 

aluminium fluoride AlF_3(s) : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) bonding-structure-properties : 

aluminium oxide Al₂O_3(s) : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) bonding-structure-properties : GCSE-AS Bauxite ore for Al extraction : 

americium, Am :

amides (organic nitrogen compounds) : ADVANCED structure and naming : ADVANCED summary of functional group/homologous series structure : ADVANCED formation from acid chloride-mechanism : ADVANCED aromatic-structure-naming : ADVANCED organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling points of amides compared to other organic molecules :

amino acids : GCSE extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED optical isomerism : ADVANCED aliphatic naming and structure : ADVANCED organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : ADVANCED residues in protein structure : 

amines : ADVANCED organic nitrogen compounds structure-naming : ADVANCED aromatic-structure-naming : ADVANCED aliphatic - formation from halogenoalkanes-mechanism : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling points of primary aliphatic amines compared to other organic molecules :

ammonia, NH₃ : GCSE reaction with acids : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) Haber Process manufacture, physical/chemical properties, uses, oxidation in making nitric acid : GCSE in Earth's early atmosphere : GCSE in nitrogen cycle : GCSE-AS covalent molecule-bonding : : ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram : ADVANCED reaction with halogenoalkanes - amine formation mechanism : ADVANCED reaction with acid chlorides - amide formation mechanism : ADVANCED oxidation to NO-redox theory : ADVANCED Haber Synthesis - equilibrium-Le Chatelier-calculations-manufacture : ADVANCED mathematical modelling of Haber Synthesis :

ammonium, NH₄, salts : test for the NH₄⁺ ion : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) fertiliser salts : 

ammonium chloride, NH₄Cl_(s) : GCSE reversible reaction - thermal decomposition : GCSE salt preparations : GCSE ammonia-ammonium salts : 

ampere : GCSE-AS unit of electric current - electrolysis calculations : 

analgesics : GCSE extra organic chemistry : 

analysis - quantitative : Quantitative analysis: acid-base, silver nitrate-chloride and EDTA titrations : Quantitative analysis: Redox volumetric titrations : NMR/IR/% composition problems :

analysis - qualitative : Qualitative Analysis for: * acid ==> H⁺ * acid/acyl chloride RCOCl * alcohols - general ROH/prim RCH₂OH/sec R₂CHOH/tert R₃COH) * aldehyde RCHO * prim aliphatic amine R-NH₂ * aliphatic/aromatic carboxylic acids * alkali ==> OH^- * alkane/alkene >C=C</alkyne -CC- (saturated versus unsaturated) * aluminium/aluminum ion Al³⁺ * amide RCONH₂ * prim aliphatic amines R-NH₂ * ammonia gas NH₃ * ammonium ion NH₄⁺ * prim aromatic amine C₆H₅-NH₂ etc. * barium ion Ba²⁺ * Benedict's solution * Brady's reagent * bromide ion Br^- * bromine Br₂ * caesium ion Cs⁺ * calcium ion Ca²⁺ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * carbonate CO₃^2-/hydrogencarbonate HCO₃^- with acid or effect of heating metal carbonate e.g. MCO₃ * carbon dioxide gas CO₂ * carboxylic acid RCOOH * carboxylic acid (aliphatic) salts e.g. RCOO^-Na⁺ * chloride ion Cl^- * chlorine gas Cl₂ * Chomate(VI) ion CrO₄^2- * copper(II) ion Cu²⁺ by flame or hydroxide ppt. * 24DNPH (for aldehydes/ketones test) * esters RCOOR * Fehlings test/solution * flame test for metal ions * fluoride ion F^- * haloalkanes/halogenoalkanes R-X * hydrogen gas H₂ * hydrogen sulphide H₂S * hydrogen ion, acids H⁺ * hydrogen bromide gas/hydrobromic acid HBr * hydrogen chloride gas/hydrochloric acid HCl * hydrogen iodide gas/hydriodic acid HI * hydroxide ion, alkali OH^- * hydroxy/alcohol/phenol (organic) * iodide ion I^- * iodine I₂ * iodoform test - formation of CHI₃ * iron(II) ion Fe²⁺ * iron(III) ion Fe³⁺ * ketone R₂C=O * lead(II) ion Pb²⁺ * lithium ion Li⁺ * lime water Ca(OH)_2(aq) * magnesium ion Mg²⁺ * metal carbonates-heating e.g. MCO₃ * metal ions via hydroxide precipitate * nitrate or nitrate(V) NO₃^- * nitrite or nitrate(III) NO₂^- * nitrogen dioxide or nitrogen(IV) oxide NO₂ * oxygen gas O₂ * phenols C₆H₅OH etc. * potassium ion K⁺ * rubidium ion Rb⁺ * reducing sugars * saturated/unsaturated * silver nitrate AgNO₃ (see chloride, bromide, iodide tests) * sugars (reducing) * sodium ion Na⁺ * strontium Sr⁺ * 'sulphate/sulfate' or sulphate(VI) SO₄^2- * sulphide S^2- * 'sulphite/sulfite' or sulphate(IV) SO₃^2- * sulphur dioxide gas SO₂ * Tollen's Reagent * unsaturated/saturated * water H₂O * zinc ion Zn²⁺ *

angular (bent) shaped molecules/ions : ADVANCED molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams : 

anhydrous ... ('without water') : GCSE copper sulphate formation : GCSE copper sulphate test for water : 

anions : Ionic Bonding : Qualitative tests for anions : in electrolysis :

anode - positive electrode : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) introduction to electrolysis and links to uses : 

anodising : GCSE of aluminium-uses : GCSE as type of reaction : 

antacid : KS3-GCSE explained-examples : 

antimony, Sb : GCSE-AS metalloid/semi-metal note :

antiperspirants products : antiperspirant products as an example of the science of formulation chemistry :

apatite (calcium hydroxy phosphate mineral) : ADVANCED calcium in teeth by volumetric titration :

applications of ... : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) electrolysis : 

AQA exam board : GCSE Science-Chemistry support-help links : 

aquatic ... : 

archaeological dating : GCSE-AS using carbon-14 - radioactivity notes : 

argon, Ar, in Group 0/8 The Noble Gases : GCSE-properties-uses : GCSE-AS dating rocks K-40/Ar ratio : ADVANCED data :

aromatic - organic compounds : ADVANCED comparison with aliphatic/alicyclic compounds - examples :  ADVANCED examples of structure and naming : ADVANCED electrophilic substitution mechanisms-orientation of products for nitration/chlorination/alkylation/acylation/sulphonation : ADVANCED type in name quiz : 

Arrhenius : GCSE-AS Ionic theory : ADVANCED Arrhenius equation to calculate activation energy : 

arrows - electron shifts : ADVANCED explained in organic reaction mechanisms : 

arsenic, As : GCSE-AS metalloid/semi-metal use note :

artificial ... : GCSE fertilisers : 

aryl group : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : ADVANCED aromatic compounds : 

ascorbic acid, vitamin C : GCSE extra organic chemistry : 

aspirin, 2-ethanoylhydroxybenzoic acid : GCSE extra organic chemistry : ADVANCED volumetric titration with NaOH :

astatine, At, At_2(s) in Group 7 The Halogens : GCSE data-properties-dangers : ADVANCED data :

atactic poly(propene) : ADVANCED stereoregular-atactic/isotactic/syndiotactic

attacking reagent/molecule/ion : ADVANCED explained in organic chemistry : 

atom : KS3-GCSE introduction-definition-examples : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) detailed atomic structure - history of atom concept - alpha-particle scattering experiment : 

'atomic economy' : GCSE(AS basic) calculations for a chemical process and further GCSE example :

atomic emission spectroscopy - instrumental method of analysis : GCSE a few comments and examples : 

atomic mass, relative A_r, based on ¹²C scale : GCSE-AS definition-examples-calculations : 

atomic/proton number : GCSE-AS definition, atomic structure : GCSE-AS structure of elements in Periodic Table : 

atomic radius : ADVANCED explained : GCSE Group 1 Alkali Metal data : ADVANCED Groups1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metal data : GCSE Group 0 Noble Gas data : ADVANCED Group 0 Noble Gas data : GCSE Group 7 Halogen data : ADVANCED Group 7 Halogen data : GCSE-ADVANCED transition Metal data (Sc-Zn, 3d block) : Periodicity plots of atomic radius Z = 1 to 20 plots * Z = 1 to 38 plots * Z = 1 to 96 plots * DATA

atomic structure : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) detailed notes : GCSE m/c Quiz : GCSE word-fill worksheet : GCSE crossword : 

'atomic volume' : Atomic Volume periodicity plot Z = 1 to 96

atmosphere of Earth : GCSE development and current composition : 

Aufbau Principle : ADVANCED electron configurations :

autocatalysis : ADVANCED manganate(VII)-ethanedioate reaction/titration : 

autosynthesis-combinational chemistry : ADVANCED organic synthesis : 

Avogadro constant/number & calculations : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) value-mole calculations with answers : 

Avogadro's Law on gas volumes & calculations : GCSE-AS reacting volume ratio examples-Quiz : 

azo dyes/diazonium salts : ADVANCED examples of aromatic-structure-naming : ADVANCED more examples of organic-nitrogen-compounds-naming-structure : 

B... index

back titrations : ADVANCED principle explained :

background radiation - radioactivity : GCSE-AS detailed notes - types/sources-natural/artificial :   

bacteria : GCSE killed by chlorine : GCSE nitrifying : GCSE denitrifying : 

balancing equations : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) examples : GCSE m/c quiz : 

barium and compounds, Ba, in Group 2 : ADVANCED detailed notes s-block Gp 1/2 elements/compounds : ADVANCED data-graphs Gps 1/2 : ADVANCED data :

barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)₂ (see also barium above) : ADVANCED volumetric titrations :

basalt - igneous rock : KS3-GCSE rock formation : 

base/acid ionisation/dissociation constant : ADVANCED detailed advanced theory notes and calculations (use sub-index 5. near top of page) :

bases-alkalis-acids-salts-pH : KS3 easy quiz : GCSE examples-general chemistry : GCSE foundation m/c Quiz : GCSE higher m/c Quiz : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) acid-base theory : ADVANCED examples - advanced theory of acids and bases (use the 5. sub-index  near top of page) :

basic oxide : GCSE definition-examples : 

batch/continuous process (chemical industry) : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic idea) explained-examples : 

batteries/cells : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) simple design- explanation-fuel cells : GCSE car-use of sulphuric acid : ADVANCED the principles of cells-batteries explained (use top 7. sub-index) :

bauxite ore : GCSE aluminium-electrolysis-extraction  : 

becquerel : unit of radioactivity : 

beer : GCSE fermentation : 

bent (angular) shaped molecules/ions : ADVANCED molecule shape, pictures, bond angles, ox diagrams : 

benzene, C₆H₆ :  ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle :

benzoic acid,C₆H₅COOH, (benzenecarboxylic acid) : ADVANCED structure and naming of aromatics : ADVANCED structure and naming of carboxylic acids and derivatives :

beryllium and compounds, Be, in Group 2 : ADVANCED detailed notes s-block Gp 1/2 elements/compounds : ADVANCED data-graphs Gps 1/2 : ADVANCED data :

beryllium chloride BeCl₂ : ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

beryllium hydride BeH₂ : ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

beta particle radiation : GCSE-AS mass/charge/properties/uses/dangers etc. in detailed Radioactivity notes :   

'bicarbonate of soda' or 'bicarb' : see sodium hydrogencarbonate

'bimolecular' : ADVANCED explained for kinetics/organic reaction mechanisms : ADVANCED kinetics-rate expressions : 

biodegradable (or not!) : GCSE oil products - plastics : 

biological catalysts (biotechnology-enzymes) : GCSE-AS examples-uses-rates of reaction factors : GCSE-AS industrial uses of enzymes : 

biology - KS3 : KS3 science quiz index : KS3 biology Q's : KS3 chemistry Q's : KS3 physics Q's : 

biotechnology : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) enzymes-examples-uses-rates of reaction factors : ADVANCED enzyme structure/function : ADVANCED enzyme kinetics : 

bismuth, Bi :

bitumen : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) Oil Products : 

blast furnace : GCSE-AS extraction of iron : 

bleach : GCSE-AS uses of chlorine : 

blood : GCSE carbon monoxide poisoning : 

bohrium, Bh :  : 

boiling (physical state change) and boiling point : KS3-GCSE explained : GCSE Group 1 Alkali Metal data : ADVANCED Groups1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metal data : GCSE Group 0/8 Noble Gas data : ADVANCED Group 0/8 Noble Gas data : GCSE Group 7 Halogen data : ADVANCED Group 7 Halogen data : GCSE-ADVANCED transition Metal data (Sc-Zn, 3d block) : GCSE-AS properties of ionic/covalent compounds : ADVANCED effects of intermolecular forces on boiling point of covalent inorganic/organic compounds explained : ADVANCED boiling points of organic homologous series (Equilibria 8.3) : Periodicity plots of boiling points Z = 1 to 20 plots * Z = 1 to 38 plots * Z = 1 to 96 plots * DATA

bomb calorimeter : ADVANCED thermodynamics Part 1 thermochemistry - enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion :

bombardment of ... : GCSE-AS metal foil by alpha particles - scattering experiment : GCSE-AS atoms by neutrons in nuclear fission/radioisotope production :  

bond angles : GCSE covalent molecules : ADVANCED variety of inorganic/organic - molecules/ions - shape etc. analysed : 

bond enthalpy/breaking/energy/dissociation/making - calculations : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) exothermic/endothermic/simple calculations : GCSE m/c Quiz : ADVANCED bond energy values explained : ADVANCED bond energies for Gp7 Halogens X-X, H-X  and C-X : ADVANCED thermodynamics Part 1 thermochemistry - enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion :

bond fission : ADVANCED types explained in organic mechanisms : 

bond polarity : ADVANCED significance explained in organic reaction mechanisms :  ADVANCED effect on intermolecular forces in organic molecules :

bonding - covalent (small molecule, giant, polymers), ionic and metals-alloys : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) detailed notes on covalent/ionic/metallic (use sub-indexes) : GCSE m/c quiz harder or GCSE m/c quiz easier : 

boron, B : position and group in periodic table :

boron hydride, BH₃ :  ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

boron trifluoride, BF₃ :  ADVANCED molecule shape, bond angle, dot & cross electronic diagram :

bottled gas - oil product : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) oil-fractions-uses : 

Boyle's Law: GCSE-ADVANCED explained - gas calculations :

branching : of carbon chain in organic compounds : 

brass : GCSE composition and uses : 

brine, aqueous sodium chloride, NaCl_(aq) : GCSE electrolysis of-uses of products : 

bromides, Br^- (chlorides, fluorides, iodides) : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) general Group 7 Halogens chemistry, properties, uses : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) bonding, structure, properties :  Test for bromides :

bromine and compounds, Br, Br_2(l) in Group 7 The Halogens : GCSE-data-properties-chemical reactions-uses : ADVAN-data : GCSE-AS molecule-bonding : : 

bromine in solvent/water, Br_{2(solvent/aq)} : GCSE reaction with alkenes :  GCSE-AS test for alkenes : 

bromoalkanes (haloalkanes, halogenoalkanes, e.g. alkyl halides, RX, X=Cl, Br, I) : ADVANCED structure and naming : ADVANCED chemical tests for : ADVANCED naming m/c Quiz : ADVANCED type in name Quiz : 

bromoethane, C₂H₅Br : ADVANCED shape-bond angles :

bromonium/chloronium ion : ADVANCED explained in organic reaction mechanisms : 

bromothymol blue indicator (acids-alkalis-pH) : KS3-GCSE colours : 

Bronsted-Lowry : GCSE-AS theory of acids-bases :  acid-base/alkali theory : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) : ADVANCED detailed notes on Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry theories of acids-bases :

Brownian motion : GCSE-AS particle theory evidence : 

buffers : ADVANCED principles, examples and calculations explained (sections 6.3 to 6.5, also use top sub-index) :

buckminster fullerene, allotrope of carbon : GCSE-AS structure and properties : 

burning-combustion : KS3-GCSE-AS as type of reaction : GCSE oil fuel products : GCSE plastics : 

butane, C₄H_10(g) (oil product) : GCSE-ADVANCED (basic) oil-fractions-uses : ADVANCED alkane structure and naming : ADVANCED intermolecular forces and boiling point of organic compounds : 

butanes, substituted butane : ADVANCED alkane structures and halogenoalkanes :

butanoic acid, CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH_(l,aq) : ADVANCED homologous series/functional groups : ADVANCED structure-names of carboxylic acid and derivatives : 

butanone : ADVANCED shape-bond angles : 

butenes : ADVANCED homologous series : ADVANCED examples : 

A to B alphabetical index page

index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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